WT/DS202/AB/R

$B%;!<%U%,!<%I6(Dj(B($B%;!<%U%,!<%I$K4X(B$B$9$k6(Dj(B; Agreement on Safeguards)$B!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T!J@i6eI46e==;MG/$N4X@G5Z$SKG0W$K4X$9$k0lHL6(Dj(B; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade$B!K(B

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$B#2#0#0#0G/#1#07n#2#3F|!!%Q%M%k@_CV(B

$B#2#0#0#1G/#1#07n#2#9F|!!%Q%M%kJs9p(B

$B#2#0#0#2G/!!#27n#1#5F|!!>e5i0Q0w2qJs9p(B

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$B"(%Q%M%kJs9p$K$D$$$F$O!"(B$B%Q%M%kJs9pJ,@O(B$B$r;29M$K$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B

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r$NBP>]HO0O(B>$B#1!%=x8@(B(Introductory Remarks)

$B!!$O$8$a$K>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"%;!<%U%,!<%I!J#S#G!K$N@-3J$K$D$$$FuBV$K$*$$$F$N$_H/F0$5$l$kFCJL$J5_:QA(80)(safeguard measures are extraordinary remedies to be taken only in emergency situations. Furthermore, they are remedies that are imposed in the form of import restrictions in the absence of any allegation of an unfair trade practice.)$B!"-"%;!<%U%,!<%I6(Dj!J#S#G6(Dj!K$O!"#S#GA$B9qFb$K$*$1$k(B$B<+M3KG0W$r?d?J$9$kNO$r0];}$9$k$?$a$KI,MW$J(B$B8"Mx(B$B$G$"$k$H$$$&$BB?9q4V(B$B$GE}0lE*$K?J$a$kKG0W<+M32=$r0];}$9$k$?$a$K$O#S#G$N(B$BH/F0(B$B$O@)8B$5$l$J$/$F$O$$$1$J$$$H$$$&(83)(A WTO Member seeking to apply a safeguard measure will argue, correctly, that the right to apply such measures must be respected in order to maintain the domestic momentum and motivation for ongoing trade liberalization. In turn, a WTO Member whose trade is affected by a safeguard measure will argue, correctly, that the application of such measures must be limited in order to maintain the multilateral integrity of ongoing trade concessions. The balance struck by the WTO Members in reconciling this natural tension relating to safeguard measures is found in the provisions of the Agreement on Safeguards)$B!"-##S#GD4::$r?3::$9$k:]$K$b!"#S#GA1$B>r!"#3>r!"#4>r$K4p$E$-I,MW$J>r7o$,K~$?$5$l$F$$$k$+!K$r?3::$9$k$HF1;~$K!"#S#GAr$K5,Dj$5$l$k$h$&$J!V=EBg$JB;32$rKI;_$7Kt$O5_:Q$7!"$+$D!"D4@0$rMF0W$K$9$k$?$a$KI,MW$J8BEY$K$*$$$F$N$_!WH/F0$5$l$F$$$k$+H]$+$r?3::$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$(B(84)$B!#(B

$B#2!%;vA06(5D$N==J,$J5!2q(B(Adequate Opportunity for Prior Consultations)

$B!!JF9q$O!"-!4Z9q$,4XO">pJs$r(B$BF~$B$3$H$+$i(B(the Member with a substantial export interest obtains the relevant information)$B!"JF9q$,4XO">pJs$N!VF~(a Member proposing to apply a safeguard measure to $B!H(Bensure$B!I(B that exporting Members $B!H(Bobtained$B!I(B)$B$+H]$+$K4X$o$i$:!"#S#G6(Dj#1#2!%#3>r$NMW7o$OK~$?$5$l$F$$$k!"-"%Q%M%k$O!"JF9q$,4Z9q$KDs6!$7$?%W%l%9%j%j!<%9$,I,MW$J>pJs$r==J,$KM?$($J$$$H$$$&$3$H$rA0Ds$H$7$F$*$j!"==J,$J;v(91-94)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"r0cH?$rG'$a$?!#-!(BUS – Wheat Gluten$B%Q%M%kJs9p!&>e5i0Q0w2qJs9p$O!";vA06(5D$,!JBgE}NN$N>5G'$rr$K0cH?$9$k$HH=CG$7$F$$$k(B(97-101)$B!"-"(BUS – Wheat Gluten$B$HK\7o$N;vo$KN`;w$7$F$$$F!"(differed substantially)$B!W$HH=CG$7$F$*$j!"JF9q$,#S#G6(Dj#1#2!%#3>r$K4p$E$/0UL#$N$"$k6(5D(B(meaningful consultations)$B$r9T$C$?$H$O$$$($J$$(B(102-103)$B!"-#$@$+$i$H$$$C$F!"I,$:$7$b#S#G6(Dj#1#2!%#3>r$N6(5D$,:G=*Ar$N6(5D$rL50UL#$J$b$N$K$7$F$7$^$&(B(104)$B!"-$(BUS – Wheat Gluten$B>e5i0QJs9p$,MQ$$$?4p=`$K$h$l$P!"#S#G6(Dj#1#2!%#3>r$O!V#S#GA$B0UL#$N$"$k6(5D(B$B$,$G$-$k$h$&!"M"=P9q$K(B$B==J,$J>pJs$H;~4V(B$B$rM?$($J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$(B(a Member proposing to apply a safeguard measure to provide exporting Members with sufficient information and time to allow for the possibility, through consultations, for a meaningful exchange)$B!W(B(106)$B!"-%-$$NMW7o$rK~$?$9$?$a$K$O!"#S#G6(Dj#1#2!%#3>r$K5a$a$i$l$F$$$k$h$&$K!"M"=P2CLA9q$,!V@i6eI46e==;MG/$N%,%C%H$K4p$E$$$FB8:_$9$k>y5v$=$NB>$N5AL3$Hr#1$KDj$a$kL\E*$rC#@.$9$k$?$a$NJ}K!$K$D$$$FN;2r$KC#$9$k!W$3$H$N$G$-$kCO0L$K$$$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$(B($B!D(BFor it is only in such circumstances that an exporting Member will be in a position, as required by Article 12.3, to $B!H(Breach[] an understanding on ways to achieve the objective set out in paragraph 1 of Article 8$B!I(B of $B!H(Bmaintain[ing] a substantially equivalent level of concessions and other obligations to that existing under GATT 1994$B!I(B. We see this specific textual link between Article 12.3 and paragraph 1 of Article 8 as especially significant.)(108)$B!"-&$3$N$h$&$J!VN;2r(B(understanding)$B!W$OM"=P9q$N$_$J$i$:M"F~9q$NMx1W$b3NJ]$9$k$3$H$K$J$j!"$7$?$,$C$FM"=P9qM"F~9q$NAPJ}$KN;2r$KC#$9$k$?$a$N!V;vA06(5D!W$r9T$&Mx1W$,$"$k(B(there is an interest on the part of both the exporting Member and the importing Member applying the safeguard measure to engage in $B!H(Bprior consultations$B!I(B with a view to reaching an understanding on the import of the measure$B!I(B)(109)$B!"-'!V(B$B0UL#$N$"$k6(5D(B$B!W$H$$$&35G0$O!"M"F~9q$,@?(the notion of a meaningful exchange, as we see it, assumes that the importing Member will enter into consultations in good faith and will take the time appropriate to give due consideration to any comments received from exporting Members before implementing the measure.)(110)$B!"-(0UL#$N$"$k6(5D$,9T$o$l$?$+H]$+$O%1!<%9%P%$%1!<%9$GH=CG$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$$,!"K\7o$N;v(111)$B!#(B

$B#3!%>y5v$=$NB>$N5AL3$H(Obligation to Endeavour to Maintain a Substantially Equivalent Level of Concessions and Other Obligations)

$B!!JF9q$O!"%Q%M%k$N#S#G6(Dj#8!%#1>r0cH?$NG'Dj$O#S#G6(Dj#1#2!%#3>r0cH?$H$NG'Dj$K$N$_4p$E$$$F$*$j!"#S#G6(Dj#1#2!%#3>r0cH?$NG'Dj$,8m$j$G$"$k0J>e#S#G6(Dj#8!%#1>r0cH?$NG'Dj$b8m$j$G$"$k$H(117)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"%Q%M%k$N!"JF9q$O!V#S#G6(Dj#1#2!%#3>r$KH?$9$k$3$H$K$h$C$F!"F1;~$K>y5v$=$NB>$N5AL3$Hr$K0cH?$7$F$$$k!W$H$N7kO@$r;Y;}$7$?!#(B

$B#4!%%i%$%s%Q%$%WAe9q$N!V6O>/$J!WM"F~$N=|30(B(Exclusion of $B!H(Bde minimis$B!I(B Developing Country Exporters from the Line Pipe Measure)

$B!!JF9q$O!"#S#G6(Dj#9!%#1>r$K$h$l$PES>e9q$K(Article 9.1 does not obligate Members to provide specifically for $B!F(Bnon-application$B!G(B of a safeguard measure, $B!D(B the text requires only that the safeguard measure $B!F(Bnot be applied$B!G(B against a developing country Member having less than three percent of imports)$B!"#9!$#0#0#0%H%s$N=|30AeAJ$7$F$$$?(B(126)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"eAJ$rB`$1$?!#-!JF9q$Nr$O5AL3$r=e(how a Member must comply with this obligation)$B$K$D$$$F?($l$F$$$J$$$7!"Ar$r=e(127, 128)$B!"-"$7$+$7!"#S#G6(Dj$O0lDj$N>r7o$N2e9q$+$i$N(B$B;:IJ(B$B$K#S#GA$BH/F0(B$B$7$J$$5AL3$r2]$7$F$*$j(B(Article 9.1 obliges Members not to apply a safeguard measure against products originating in developing countries whose individual exports are below a de minimis level of three percent of the imports of that product, provided $B!D(B)$B!"#S#GAr7o$,IU$5$l$F$$$l$PDI2C4X@G$O!V;:IJ$KH/F0$5$l$F$$$k!W$H$$$($k(B(a duty $B!D(B does not deed to be enforced and collected to be $B!H(Bapplied$B!I(B to a product. $B!D(B duties are $B!H(Bapplied against a product$B!I(B when a Member imposed conditions under which that product can enter that Member$B!G(Bs market$B!D(B)(129)$B!"-#JF9q$O#9!$#0#0#0%H%s$N=|30$K$h$C$F#3!s0J2<$NES>e9q$+$i$NM"F~$O<+F0E*$KA(130)$B!"-$!V<+F0E*$J!W=|30$N2DG=@-$KJF9q$,ES>e9q$r=|30$9$kAZ5r$O$J$$(B(132)$B!#(B

$B#5!%=EBg$JB;32Kt$O=EBg$JB;32$N62$l$N$$$:$l$+0lJ}$rJ,N%$7$FG'Dj$9$kI,MW@-(B(Necessity of a Discrete Determination Either of Serious Injury or of Threat of Serious Injury)

$B!!JF9q$O!"%Q%M%k$N#S#G6(Dj$,=EBg$JB;32$+(B$BKt$O(B$B=EBg$NB;32$N62$l$+(B$B$$$:$l$+0lJ}(B$B$rJ,N%$7$FG'Dj$9$k$3$H$r5a$a$F$$$k(B(the Agreement on Safeguards requires a discrete – that is, a separate and distinct – finding either of serious injury or of threat of serious injury)$B$H$$$&G'Dj$KBP$7!">eAJ$7$F$$$?(B(144)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"9q$N(or)$B$=$N62$l$H$$$&$N$,!"=EBg$JB;32$,$"$k$+Kt$O$=$N62$l$,$"$k$+$N$$$:$l$+$G$"$C$F$=$NN>J}$G$O$J$$(B(one of the other but not both)$B$N$+!J4Z9q$NJ}(B(either one of the other, or both in combination)$B$J$N$+!JJF9q$N(162)$B!"-"#S#G6(Dj#2!%#1>r$NJ88@$NDL>o$N0UL#$+$i$O!"F1>r$N!VKt$O!W$H$$$&J88@$,-!$N$I$A$i$N0UL#$J$N$+(B($B!H(Bor$B!I(B can be exclusive, and $B!H(Bor$B!I(B can also be inclusive)$BL@$i$+$G$O$J$$(B(163-165)$B!"-##S#G6(Dj#4!%#1>r$O!V=EBg$JB;32!W$H!V=EBg$JB;32$N62$l!W$H$K0[$J$kDj5A$rM?$($F$$$k$,!"$@$+$i$H$$$C$F%Q%M%k$N7kO@$7$?$h$&$KEv6I$,!V=EBg$JB;32!W$H!V=EBg$JB;32$N62$l!W$H$rJ,N%$7$FG'Dj$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$K$O$J$i$J$$(B(166-167)$B!"-#!V=EBg$JB;32!W$H6hJL$7$FDj5A$5$l$k$H$3$m$N!V=EBg$JB;32$N62$l!W$O#S#GA$B8"Mx(B$B$r@8$8$5$;$k(B$B$h$jDc$$MW7o(B$B$H$7$F5!G=$7$F$$$k$H9M$($i$l$k(B(In our view, defining $B!H(Bthreat of serious injury$B!I(B separately from $B!H(Bserious injury$B!I(B serves the purpose of setting a lower threshold for establishing the right to apply a safeguard measure.)(169)$B!"-$#S#GA$B8"Mx$,$"$k$+H]$+$rH=CG$9$k$K$*$$$F$O(B$B!"(B$B>/$J$/$H$b(B$B!V=EBg$JB;32$N62$l!W$,B8:_$7$F$$$k$H$NG'Dj$,$"$k8B$j!"!V=EBg$JB;32!W$,$"$k$N$+!V=EBg$JB;32$N62$l!W$N$_$J$N$+$O4X78$,$J$$$H9M$($i$l$k(B(it seems to us that it is irrelevant, in determining whether the right exists, if there is $B!H(Bserious injury$B!I(B or only $B!H(Bthreat of serious injury$B!I(B – so long as there is a determination that there is at least a $B!H(Bthreat$B!I(B.)(170)$B!"-%#S#G6(Dj#5!%#1>r$N5,Dj$9$k#S#GAuBV$K$h$C$F3NDj$5$l$k$b$N$G$O$J$$(B(the permissible extent of a safeguard measure is defined by the share of serious injury that is attributed to increased imports, not by the characterization the competent authority ascribes to the situation of the industry)(172)$B!"-&#S#G6(Dj#5!%#2!J#b!K>r$O!V=EBg$JB;32!W$H!V=EBg$JB;32$N62$l!W$H$N4V$K0[$J$kK!E*8z2L$r@8$8$5$;$F$$$kM#0l$N5,Dj$G$"$k$,!"#S#G6(Dj#5!%#2!J#b!K>r$,$"$k$+$i$H$$$C$F0lHLE*$K$b$7$/$OK\7o$K$*$$$F!V=EBg$JB;32!W$H!V=EBg$JB;32$N62$l!W$N$$$:$l$+$rJ,N%$7$FG'Dj$7$J$+$C$?$3$H$r6(Dj0cH?$H$9$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$(B(173)$B!"-'#G#A#T#T$N@hNc5Z$S#G#A#T#T#1#9>r$N5/Ap2aDx$+$i$b!">e5-G'Dj$O;Y;}$5$l$k(B(174-175)$B!#(B

$B#6!%%i%$%s%Q%$%WA($B!H(BParallelism$B!I(B Between the Investigation and the Application of the Line Pipe Measure)

$B!!4Z9q$O!"#S#G6(Dj#2>r5Z$S#4>r0cH?$K4X$7$F4Z9q$O0l1~$NN)>Z$r9T$C$F$$$J$$$H$$$&%Q%M%kG'Dj$KBP$7!">eAJ$7$F$$$?(B(182-184)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"0J2<$N$h$&$JM}M3$G!"JF9q$O#S#GD4::$NCJ3,$G$O%+%J%@$H%a%-%7%3$r4^$a$k0lJ}$G#S#GA]$+$i=|30$7$F$*$j!"$7$?$,$C$F#S#G6(Dj#2>r5Z$S#4>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k!"$H7kO@$7$?!#-!#I#T#C$O$9$Y$F$N9q$+$i$NM"F~$rBP>]$K#S#GD4::$r9T$&0lJ}$G!"#S#GA]$+$i%+%J%@$H%a%-%7%3$r=|30$7$F$*$j!"$^$?4Z9q$O$3$N$3$H$r0l1~>ZL@$7$F$$$k(B(made a prima facie case)(186, 187)$B!"-"-!$rH?>Z$9$k(B(rebut)$B$?$a$K$O!"JF9q$O#U#S#I#T#C$,#N#A#F#T#A2CLA9q0J30$+$i$NM"F~$,!V#S#G6(Dj#2!%#1>r5Z$S#4!%#2>r$K5,Dj$5$l$k#S#GA$BL@3N$K>ZL@$9$k:,5r$K4p$E$/E,@Z$J@bL@(B$B$r9T$C$?$3$H(B(the USITC provided a reasoned and adequate explanation that establishes explicitly that imports from non-NAFTA sources $B!H(Bsatisfied the conditions for the application of a safeguard measure, as set out in Article 2.1 and elaborated in Article 4.2 of the Agreement on Safeguards$B!I(B)$B$r>ZL@$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$(B(188)$B!"-#JF9q$O#U#S#I#T#CJs9p$NCm#1#6#8$,#N#A#F#T#A2CLA9q0J30$+$i$NM"F~$,#S#GAZL@$rH?>Z$7$F$$$J$$(B(189-195)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#2#4>r$K4p$E$/93J[$K$D$$$F!"r$N93J[$,E,MQ$5$l$k$N$O!"#2$D$N>u67!"$9$J$o$A(Bi)$B#S#GA]$H$J$i$J$+$C$?M"F~$,#S#GD4::$N(B$BBP>]$H$J$C$F$$$J$+$C$?(B$B>l9g(B(in the investigation by the competent authorities of a WTO Member, the imports that are exempted from the safeguard measure are not considered in the determination of serious injury)$B$H!"(Bii) $B#S#GA]$H$J$i$J$+$C$?M"F~$,#S#GD4::$N(B$BBP>]$H$J$C$F$*$j(B$B!"(B$B$+$D(B$B!"<+M3KG0WCO0h0J30$NM"F~$,#S#G6(Dj#2!%#1>r5Z$S#4!%#2>r$NMW7o$rK~$?$9$3$H$rL@3N$K>ZL@$7$F$$$k>l9g(B(in such an investigation, the imports that are exempted from the safeguard measure are considered in the determination of serious injury, and the competent authorities have also established explicitly, through a reasoned and adequate explanation, that imports from sources outside the free-trade area, alone, satisfied the conditions for the application of a safeguard measure, as set out in Article 2.1 and elaborated in Article 4.2)$B$H$K8B$i$l$F$$$k!"-"K\7o$O$I$A$i$N>l9g$G$b$J$/!"$7$?$,$C$FJF9q$O#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#2#4>r$N93J[$rMQ$$$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$(B(198)$B!#(B

$B#7!%B>MW0x$K$h$kB;328z2L$NM"F~$NA}2C$X$NHs5"@U(B(Non-Attribution of the Injurious Effects of Other Factors to Increased Imports)

$B!!JF9q$O!"%Q%M%k$N#S#G6(Dj#4!%#2>r!J#b!KBh#2J80cH?$NG'Dj$KBP$7>eAJ$r9T$C$F$$$?(B(205)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O$^$:!"(BUS – Wheat Gluten$B!"(BUS – Lamb$B!"(BUS – Hot-Rolled Steel$B$N3F>e5i0Q0w2qJs9p$K0M5r$7$D$D!"#S#G6(Dj#4!%#2>r!J#b!KBh#2J8$NMW7o$K$D$$$F$NMW0x$K$h$kB;328z2L$+$i(B$BJ,N%$7$F6hJL$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$(B(competent authorities must separate and distinguish the injurious effects of the increased imports from the injurious effects of the other factors)$B!"-"Ev6I$O!"M"F~$NA}2C0J30$NCN$i$l$F$$$k$=$NB>$NMW0x$K$h$kB;328z2L$N@-MW0x$K$h$kB;328z2L$N@-(competent authorities are required to identify the nature and extent of the injurious effects of the known factors other than increased imports, as well as explain satisfactorily the nature and extent of the injurious effects of those other factors as distinguished from the injurious effects of the increased imports)$B!"-#Ev6I$O!"M}M3$N$D$1$i$l$?E,@Z$J@bL@$G$b$C$F!"M"F~$NA}2C0J30$K$h$C$F@8$8$?B;32$,M"F~$NA}2C$K5"@U$5$l$F$$$J$$$3$H$rL@<(E*$K>ZL@$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$:!"$^$?$3$N@bL@$OL@3N!&L@Gr$G$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(the competent authorities must establish explicitly, through a reasoned and adequate explanation, that injury caused by factors other than increased imports is not attributed to increased imports. This explanation must be clear and unambiguous.)(208-217)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"JF9q$N0zMQ$7$F$$$k#U#S#I#T#CJs9p$N2U=j$O$=$NB>$NMW0x$K$h$C$F@8$8$?B;32$,M"F~$NA}2C$K5"@U$5$l$F$$$J$$$H$$$&C1$J$k(a mere assertion that injury caused by other factors is not attributed to increased imports)$B$G$"$j!">e=R$7$?MW7o$rK~$?$9>ZL@$H$O$J$C$F$$$J$$$H7kO@$7$F!"$3$l$K4X$9$k%Q%M%kG'Dj$r;Y;}$7$?(B(220)$B!#(B

$B!!:G8e$K>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"%Q%M%k$N#S#G6(Dj#4!%#2>r!J#b!K0cH?G'Dj$O!"JF9q$N5"@UD4::$KMQ$$$F$$$kJ}K!<+BN$,K\r!J#b!K$K0cH?$7$F$$$k(B(inherently inconsistent)$B$3$H$r0UL#$7$J$$$H=R$Y$?(B(221)$B!#(B

$B#8!%%i%$%s%Q%$%WA(The Application of the Line Pipe Measure: Express Justification and Permissible Extent)

$BH/F0;~$N%i%$%s%Q%$%WA(The Express Justification of the Line Pipe Measure at the Time of Application)

$B!!4Z9q$O!"Ev6I$OArBh#1J8$K=>$C$FH/F0$5$l$k$3$H$r>ZL@$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$$H$7$F>eAJ$7$F$$$?!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$OeAJ$r4~5Q$7$?!#-!(BKorea – Dairy$B>e5i0QJs9p$N#S#G6(Dj#5!%#1>r$N2r(safeguard measures in the form of quantitative restrictions, which reduce the quantity of imports below the average of imports in the last three representative years)$B!"2CLA9q$OH/F0;~$K#S#GA(apart from one exception, Article 5.1, including the first sentence, does not oblige a Member to justify, at the time of application, that the safeguard measure at issue is applied $B!H(Bonly to the extent necessary$B!I(B)(233)$B!"-"#S#G6(Dj#5!%#1>r$N2]$7$F$$$k$N$O4Z9q$,(Article 5.1 imposes a general substantive obligation, namely, to apply safeguard measures only to the permissible extent)(234)$B!#(B

$B%i%$%s%Q%$%WA(The Permissible Extent of the Line Pipe Measure)

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$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O#S#G6(Dj#5!%#1>rBh#1J8$Nr$N!VI,MW$J8BEY$K$*$$$F$N$_!W$H$$$&J88@$O!"F1>r$,8BDj$5$l$?L\E*$r;}$C$F$$$k$3$H$r<(:6$7!"$+$D$=$N$h$&$J8BDj$5$l$?L\E*$N301d$r2h$7$F$$$k(B(We see these words as indicating that this provision has a limited objective – the maximum permissible $B!H(Bextent$B!I(B to which a safeguard measure may be applied. We see them also as drawing the other boundary of that limited objective – the maximum permissible $B!H(Bextent$B!I(B to which a safeguard measure may be applied)(246)$B!"-"F1>r$N8B$i$l$?L\E*$O!"#S#GA(The limited objective of this provision is founded in the determination of $B!H(Bserious injury$B!I(B that justifies the application of a safeguard measure)(247)$B!"-##S#G6(Dj#5!%#1>r$N!V=EBg$JB;32!W$O#S#G6(Dj#4!%#2>r$K5,Dj$5$l$k!V=EBg$JB;32!W$HF1$8$b$N$r;X$7$F$$$k$,!"$@$+$i$H$$$C$F#S#GA]$H$7$F$h$$$H$$$&$3$H$K$O$J$i$J$$(B(the fact that these two provisions refer to the same $B!H(Bserious injury$B!I(B does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that a safeguard measure may address the $B!H(Bentirety$B!I(B of the $B!H(Bserious injury$B!I(B, including the part of the $B!H(Bserious injury$B!I(B that is attributable to factors other than increased imports)(249)$B!"-$#S#G6(Dj#5!%#1>r2rr!J#b!K$OHs>o$K=EMW$G$"$k$,!"#S#G6(Dj#4!%#2>r$K$O#2$D$N=EMW$JL\E*$,$"$k!#$9$J$o$A!"(Bi)$BJ#?t$NMW0x$,F1;~$KB;32$N860x$H$J$C$F$$$k$H$-$K!"Ev6I$,M"F~$NA}2C0J30$NMW0x$K$h$kB;328z2L$r4pAC$K!"M"F~$NA}2C$H=EBg$JB;32Kt$O$=$N62$l$H$N4V$N!V0x2L4X78!W$r?dB,$7$J$$$h$&$K3NJ]$9$k$3$H(B(it seeks, in situations where several factors cause injury at the same time, to prevent investigating authorities from inferring the required $B!H(Bcausal link$B!I(B between increased imports and serious injury or threat thereof on the basis of the injurious effects caused by factors other than increased imports)$B!"(Bii) $BB;32A4BN$NE,@Z$JItJ,$N$_$rM"F~$NA}2C$K5"@U$7!"$3$l$K$h$j#S#G6(Dj#5!%#1>r$K4p$E$-$I$NDxEY$N#S#GA(it is a benchmark for ensuring that only an appropriate share of the overall injury is attributed to increased imports. As we read the Agreement, this latter objective, in turn, informs the permissible extent to which the safeguard measure may be applied pursuant to Article 5.1, first sentence)$B!"$N#2$D$G$"$k(B(252)$B!"-%-$$N2rUS – Cotton Yarn$B>e5i0QJs9p$K$h$C$F$b;Y;}$5$l$F$$$k(B(253-257)$B!"-&(B$BM"F~(B$B$K4X$9$k%k!<%k$r5,Dj$9$k$H$$$&#S#G6(Dj$Ne5-2r(258)$B!"-'>e5-$N2rrLs>rJ80F#5#1>r$K<($5$l$k9q2H@UG$$K4X$9$k47=,9q:]K!$H$b9gCW$7$F$$$k(B(259)$B!#(B

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