WT/DS244/AB/R
15
December 2003
United States – Sunset Review of
Anti-Dumping Duties on Corrosion Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from Japan
Report of the Appellate Body
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Yasuhei Taniguchi (Presiding
Member)
George Abi-Saab
A.V. Ganesan
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$B>e5i0Q0w2qJs9p$NJ,@O!J(B()$BFb$N?t;z$OCJMnHV9f!K(B
r$NBP>]HO0O(B>$B#1!%@h7hLdBj(B(Preliminary Issues)
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"F|K\$N>eAJDLCN$NCf$G8@5Z$5$l$F$$$?%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$NMxMQ$K4X$9$k%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$N#A#D6(Dj@09g@-$K78$k%Q%M%kG'Dj$X$N>eAJ$K$D$$$F!"F|K\$N>e5i0Q0w2q$X$N0U8+=q$NCf$G$O$3$NLdBj$K4X$9$kO@5r$,<($5$l$F$$$J$$$N$G!"$3$NLdBj$K$D$$$F$O8!F$$7$J$$$H=R$Y$?(B(69-70)$B!#(B
$B!!JF9q$O!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r2rr$b$7$/$O#A#D6(Dj#1#7!%#6>r@09g@-$K$D$$$F$O!"F|K\$N>eAJDLCN$NCf$G8@5Z$5$l$F$*$i$:!"$7$?$,$C$F>e5i0Q0w2q$O$3$NLdBj$r?3::$9$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$$He5i0Q0w2q$O!"F|K\$N@bL@$K$h$l$P!"?3::4p=`$NLdBj$O%Q%M%k$N#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>rG'Dj$X$N>eAJ$NO@5r(B(reasoning)$B$H$7$F0U8+=q$NCf$G8@5Z$5$l$F$$$k$K2a$.$:!"$7$?$,$C$F$3$NLdBj$O%`!<%H$H$J$C$F$*$j!">e5i0Q0w2q$O#D#S#U#1#1>r$"$k$$$O#A#D6(Dj#1#7!%#6>r$N@09g@-$K$D$$$F$O?3::$7$J$$$H=R$Y$?(B(71)$B!#(B
$B#2!%%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$,?3::$NBP>]$H$J$k$+(B(Is the Sunset Policy Bulletin $B!H(BChallengeable$B!I(B As Such?)
$B!!F|K\$O!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$r?3::$NBP>]$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-!"$^$?r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k(B(the Sunset Policy Bulletin sets forth $B!H(Bactionable administrative
procedures$B!I(B that can, as such, be challenged under, and that are inconsistent
with, the Anti-Dumping Agreement and Article XVI:4 of the WTO
Agreement)$B$H$7$F>eAJ$7$F$$$?(B(77)$B!#(B
$B$I$N$h$&$J7A<0$NA]$H$J$j$&$k$+(B(The Type of Measure that Can, As Such, be the Subject of Dispute
Settlement Proceedings)
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"]$H$J$i$J$$$H$7$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$7$?!#-!$^$:!"$I$N$h$&$J7A<0$NA]$H$J$j$&$k$N$+$H$$$&LdBj(B(The first issue concerns the type of measures that my, as such,
form the subject matter of dispute settlement under the Anti-Dumping
Agreement. In other words, does
the type of instrument itself – be it a law, regulation, procedure, practice,
or something else – govern whether it may be subject to WTO dispute
settlement?)$B$H!"$"$kA(The second issue concerns whether a measure$B!G(Bs mandatory or
discretionary character determines if it can, as such, be found to be inconsistent
with the covered agreements)$B$H$r6hJL$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(78)$B!"-"Hs5AL3E*Ae$NJ6Ah=hM}$NBP>]$H$J$j$($J$$$H$_$J$9$Y$-:,5r$,$"$k$+H]$+$K$D$$$F(B(whether there is any basis for holding that non-mandatory measures
cannot, as such, be subject to dispute settlement under the Anti-Dumping
Agreement)$B!"#D#S#U!JJ6Ah2r7hN;2r!K#3!%#3>r$h$j!"86B'$H$7$F!"9T@/5!4X$J$I9q2H5!4X$N:n0YKt$OIT:n0Y$N$h$&$K!"#W#T#O2CLA9q$K5"@U$5$l$k$$$+$J$k:n0YKt$OIT:n0Y$bJ6Ah=hM}]$G$"$k!VA(In principle, any act or omission attributable to a WTO Member can
be a measure of that Member for purposes of dispute settlement
proceedings. The acts or omissions
that are so attributable are, in the usual case, the acts or omissions of the
organs of that state, including those of the executive branch)(81)$B!"-#$5$i$K!"$3$l$^$G#G#A#T#T!?#W#T#O%Q%M%k$O!"FCDj$N>u67$KE,MQ$5$l$?FCDj$NA-MhE*$JE,MQ$,M=Dj$5$l$F$$$k%k!<%k$d5,HO$r@_$1$kA(In addition, in
GATT and WTO dispute settlement practice, panels have frequently examined
measures consisting not only of particular acts applied only to a specific
situation, but also of acts setting forth rules or norms that are intended to
have general and prospective application.
In other words, instruments of a Member containing rules or norms could
constitute a "measure", irrespective of how or whether those rules or
norms are applied in a particular instance)$B!"$3$l$O!"#G#A#T#T!?#W#T#O$N5,N'$dJ6Ah=hM}@)EY$,8=:_$NKG0W$N$_$J$i$:>-Mh$NKG0W$KI,MW$J0BDj@-$HM=B,2DG=@-$re$N5AL3$KH?$9$k$h$&$J%k!<%k$d5,HO$r@_$1$k$b$N$,:NBr$5$l!"$K$b$+$+$o$i$:%Q%M%k?3::$NBP>]$H$J$i$J$$$H$9$l$P!"$=$N$h$&$J%k!<%k$d5,HO$NFCDj$N;vNc$X$NE,MQ$K4X$o$i$:1&$NL\E*$,B;$J$o$l$k$3$H$K$J$k(B(This is so
because the disciplines of the GATT and the WTO, as well as the dispute
settlement system, are intended to protect not only existing trade but also the
security and predictability needed to conduct future trade. This objective would be frustrated if
instruments setting out rules or norms inconsistent with a Member's obligations
could not be brought before a panel once they have been adopted and
irrespective of any particular instance of application of such rules or norms)$B!"$^$?!"%k!<%k$d5,HO$r@_$1$k$b$N$=$N$b$N$rJ6Ah=hM}$NBP>]$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$:!"FCDj$NE,MQ$N$_$7$+?3::$G$-$J$$$H$9$l$P!"AJ>Y$N=EJ#$r>7$-$+$M$:!"A-Mh$NJ6Ah$rKI$$$G$$$k$H$$$($k(B(It would also
lead to a multiplicity of litigation if instruments embodying rules or norms
could not be challenged as such, but only in the instances of their
application. Thus, allowing claims
against measures, as such, serves the purpose of preventing future disputes by
allowing the root of WTO-inconsistent behaviour to be eliminated)(82)$B!"-$]$H$J$j$&$kAe$N@)8B$,$"$k$+H]$+(B(whether there are any limitations upon the types of measures that
may, as such, be the subject of dispute settlement under the DSU or the applicable covered agreement, in this
case the Anti-Dumping Agreement)$B$K$D$$$F!"#A#D6(Dj#1#7!%#4>r$K$h$l$P!"%"%s%A%@%s%T%s%0J6Ah$K$*$$$F%Q%M%k$O3NDjE*#A#D@G!"2A3JLsB+$N(As regards the specific requirements of the Anti-Dumping Agreement, we have explained that Article 17.4 precludes a panel
from addressing individual acts
(as opposed to measures "as such") committed by an investigating
authority in the context of the initiation and conduct of anti-dumping
investigations unless one
of the three types of measure listed in Article 17.4 is identified in the
request for establishment of a panel. These measures are a definitive anti-dumping duty, the
acceptance of a price undertaking, and a provisional measure)$B!"(BUS
– 1916 Act$B>e5i0QJs9p$O$3$N5,Dj$d#A#D6(Dj$N$=$NB>$N5,Dj$,(B$B@)DjK!$=$N$b$N(B$B$X$N?=N)$KBP$9$k%Q%M%k$N4I3m8"$r@)8B$7$J$$$3$H$r3NG'$7$F$$$k(B(We have also found, in US –
1916 Act, that Article 17.4 does not place such a limit on a panel's
jurisdiction to entertain claims against legislation
as such. Indeed, we stated in that appeal that no
provision of the Anti-Dumping
Agreement precludes a panel from considering claims against
legislation as such)(83)$B!"-%$5$i$K!"#G#A#T#TK!(B(GATT
acquis) $B!"#G#A#T#T479T$N2<$G$bJ6Ah=hM}$NBP>]$H$J$C$?AGuatemala – Cement I$B>e5i0QJs9p$G$b3NG'$5$l$F$$$k(B(85)$B!"-A#D6(Dj#1#7!%#3>r$O!"!VB>$N2CLA9q$K$h$C$F!WMx1W$,L58z2=Kt$O?/32$5$l$?$H!VG'$a$k!W2CLA9q$O6(5D$rMW@A$9$k$3$H$,=PMh$k(B(when a complaining Member $B!H(Bconsiders$B!I(B that its benefits are being
nullified or impaired $B!H(Bby another Member or Members$B!I(B, it may request
consultations)$B$H$7$F!"J6Ah=hM}$NBP>]$H$J$kA(There is no threshold requirement, in Article 17.3, that the
measure in question be of a certain type)$B!"-'#A#D6(Dj#1#8!%#4>r$O!"2CLA9q$K!"!VK!Na5Z$S9T@/>e$Ne$N5AL3$KE,9g$9$k$h$&3NJ]$9$k$?$a$K!V$9$Y$F$NI,MW$J0lHLE*Kt$O8DJLE*$JA(Article 18.4
contains an explicit obligation for Members to "take all necessary steps,
of a general or particular character" to ensure that their "laws,
regulations and administrative procedures" are in conformity with the
obligations set forth in the Anti-Dumping
Agreement)$B!"$3$N!VK!Na5Z$S9T@/>e$N (Taken as a
whole, the phrase "laws, regulations and administrative procedures"
seems to us to encompass the entire body of generally applicable rules, norms
and standards adopted by Members in connection with the conduct of anti-dumping
proceedings)$B!"$"$k]$H$9$k$3$H$,=PMh$J$$$H$9$l$P!"#A#D6(Dj>e$N!VE,9g!W$5$;$k5AL3$rB;$M$F$7$^$&(B(If some of
these types of measure could not, as such, be subject to dispute settlement
under the Anti-Dumping Agreement,
it would frustrate the obligation of "conformity" set forth in
Article 18.4)(87)$B!"-(0J>e$h$j!"#G#A#T#T!?#W#T#O$N479T>e!"$"$k$$$O#A#D6(Dj$N5,Dj>e!"$"$k]$H$J$j$&$k$H$9$k:,5r$O$J$/(B(This analysis leads us to conclude that there is no basis, either
in the practice of the GATT and the WTO generally or in the provisions of the Anti-Dumping Agreement, for
finding that only certain types of measure can, as such, be challenged in dispute settlement
proceedings under the Anti-Dumping
Agreement)$B!"86B'$H$7$F!"Hs5AL3E*A]$H$J$j$($J$$$H$O$$$($J$$(B(Hence we see no
reason for concluding that, in principle, non-mandatory measures cannot be challenged
"as such")(88)$B!"-)A]$H$J$k$3$H$rG'$a$k$3$H$O!"#D#S#U#3!%#2>r$K5,Dj$5$l$k2CLA9q$N?=N)$r9T$&8"Mx$NJq3gE*$J@-(we do not think that panels are obliged, as a preliminary
jurisdictional matter, to examine whether the challenged measure is mandatory)$B!"A(This issue is relevant, if at all, only as party of the panel$B!G(Bs
assessment of whether the measure is, as such, inconsistent with particular
obligations)
$B%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$O#A#D6(Dj0cH?$H$J$j$($J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj(B(The Panel$B!G(Bs Finding that the Sunset Policy Bulletin, As Such,
Cannot be Inconsistent with the Anti-Dumping Agreement)
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"(we have not, as yet, been required to pronounce generally upon the
continuing relevance or significance of the mandatory/discretionary
distinction. Nor do we consider
that this appeal calls for us to undertake a comprehensive examination of this
distinction)$B$b$N$N!"B>$NJ,@O (we do, nevertheless, wish to observe that as with any such
analytical tool, the import of the $B!H(Bmandatory/discretionary distinction$B!I(B may
vary from case to case)$B!"$7$?$,$C$F$3$N6hJ,$r5!3#E*$KE,MQ$9$k$3$H$K$O?5=E$K$J$k$Y$-$G$"$k(B(For this reason, we also wish to caution against the application
of this distinction in a mechanistic fashion)(93)$B!"-"%Q%M%k$O!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($N=xJ8$r8+$?$@$1$G!"5,Dj$NFbMF$N?3::$d4XO"K!Na$H$NFbMF$NHf3S$r$7$F$$$J$$$7!"$^$?%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<(5,Dj$N5,HOE*@-3J$d94B+@-!"F|K\$,>Z5r$rDs=P$7$?$3$l$^$G$NE,MQ;vNc$r==J,$K8!F$$7$F$$$J$$!"$5$i$K!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($,!V5AL3E*$JK!N'J8=q$G$O$J$$!W$H$NG'Dj$N$_$r:,5r$H$7$F$3$l$r#A#D6(Dj#1#8!%#4>r$N9T@/>e$N(94-100)$B!#(B
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"K\?=N)$K4X$9$kJ,@O(B$B$r40N;$7@09g@-$K4X$9$k7kO@$r2<$9$3$H$,$G$-$k$+H]$+(B(whether we can, ourselves, complete the analysis and rule on these
claims)$B$K$D$$$F$O0J2<$G8!F$$9$k$H=R$Y$?(B(101)$B!#(B
$B#3!%F|K\$N#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$K4p$E$/?=N)(B(Japan$B!G(Bs Specific Claims under Article 11.3 of the Anti-Dumping
Agreement)
$B!!F|K\$O!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$K4X$9$k%Q%M%kG'Dj$KBP$7$F>eAJ$7$F$$$?!#(B
$B354Q(B(Overview)
$B>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"$O$8$a$K!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N5AL3$K$D$$$F!"r$N%@%s%T%s%0$NB8B3Kt$O:FH/$N2DG=@-$K4X$9$k7hDj!J!V2DG=@-$N7hDj(B(likelihood determination)$B!W!K$G$"$j!"2DG=@-$N7hDj$O>-Mh$K4X$9$k7hDj(B(prospective determination)$B$G!"Ev6I$O>-Mh$N8+DL$7$K$D$$$F$NJ,@O$r9T$$2>$K#A#D@G$,E1GQ$5$l$?$i$I$N$h$&$J;vBV$,@8$8$k$+$K$D$$$F8!F$$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(the authorities must undertake a forward-looking analysis and seek
to resolve the issue of what would be likely to occur if the duty were
terminated)(105)$B!"-"(BUS – Carbon Steel$B>e5i0QJs9p$+$i?d;!$5$l$k$h$&$K!"Ev6I$OD4::$K$*$$$F$O(B$B%@%s%T%s%0$,B8:_$9$k$+H]$+(B(whether dumping exists)$B$r7hDj$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$0lJ}$G!"%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$$$F$O#A#D@G$NE1GQ$,(B$B%@%s%T%s%0$NB8B3Kt$O:FH/$r$b$?$i$92DG=@-$,$"$k$+H]$+(B(whether the expiry of the duty that was imposed at the conclusion
of an original investigation would likely
to lead to continuation or recurrence of dumping)$B$r7hDj$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(106-107)$B!"-##A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N!V%@%s%T%s%0!W$O#A#D6(Dj#2!%#1>r$KDj5A$5$l$k%@%s%T%s%0$HF1$80UL#$K2r$9$Y$-$G$"$k(B(108-109)$B!"-$#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N!V7hDj$9$k(B(determine)$B!W$O!"D4::E*$J@-YE*$J@-$BN>J}(B$B$rAH$_9g$o$;$?2aDx$rA[Dj$7$F$*$j(B(envisages a process combining both
investigatory and adjudicatory aspects)$B!"(Article 11.3 assigns an active rather than a passive
decision-making role to the authorities)$B$H2r$5$l!"%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$rZ5r$K4p$E$$$?7kO@$r2<$5$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(authorities conducting a sunset review must act with an
appropriate degree of diligence and arrive at a reasoned conclusion on the
basis of information gathered as part of a process of reconsideration and
examination)(110-111)$B!"-%$=$NB>$N5,Dj$+$i$b!"%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$$$F$OLJL)$J?3::(B(rigorous examination)$B$,9T$o$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$H2r$5$l!"$3$NE@%Q%M%k$N#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N2r(112-115)$B!#(B
$BK\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$1$k%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$NMxMQ(B(The Dumping Margins
Used in the CRS Sunset Review)
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"(allegedly using a zeroing methodology)$B%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$rMQ$$$?$3$H$O#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$J$$$H$7$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$7$?!#-!%Q%M%k$,=R$Y$F$$$k$h$&$K!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$O2DG=@-$N7hDj$NJ}K!$K$D$$$F6qBNE*$J5AL3$r2]$7$F$$$J$$(B(123)$B!"-"$5$i$K!"%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$$$F$O%@%s%T%s%0$r7W;;$9$k$3$H$,5AL3IU$1$i$l$F$$$J$$$,!"$3$l$O%*%j%8%J%kD4::$H%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$H$N@-(124)$B!"-#$?$@$7!">e=R$7$?$h$&$K!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N!V%@%s%T%s%0!W$O#A#D6(Dj#2>r$G5,Dj$5$l$k%@%s%T%s%0$HF1$80UL#$K2r$5$l!"2>$KEv6I$,%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$K4p$E$$$F2DG=@-$N7hDj$r9T$&$J$i$P!"$=$N%^!<%8%s$N7W;;$O#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$N5AL3$KE,9g$7$F$$$J$1$l$P$J$i$:(B(should investigating authorities chose to rely upon dumping
margins in making their likelihood determination, the calculation of these
margins must conform to the disciplines of Article 2.4)$B!"$b$7%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$$$FMxMQ$5$l$?%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$,#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$KH?$9$kJ}K!$G7W;;$5$l$F$$$k$J$i$P!"$=$l$O#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$N$_$J$i$:#1#1!%#3>r0cH?$K$b$J$j$((B(If these margins were legally flawed because they were calculated
in a manner inconsistent with Article 2.4, this could give rise to an
inconsistency not only with Article 2.4, but also with Article 11.3 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement)$B!"$3$NE@#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$KH?$9$kJ}K!$G7W;;$5$l$?%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$r%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$GMQ$$$F$b#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r0cH?$H$J$i$J$$$H$7$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$9$k(B(125-128)$B!"-$r$H$N@09g@-$K$D$$$F!">e=R$7$?$h$&$K!"9T@/%l%S%e!<$K$*$1$k%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$N7W;;J}K!$,#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$K@09gE*$G$"$k$3$H$,!"K\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$1$k2DG=@-$N7hDj$N#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r@09g@-$r:81&$7(B(the consistency with Article 2.4 of the methodology that USDOC
used to calculate the dumping margins in the administrative reviews bears on
the consistency with Article 11.3 of USDOC$B!G(BS likelihood determination in the
CRS sunset review)$B!"$^$?Mx324X78(a legal defect of this kind cannot be cured by NSC$B!G(Bs
failure to take issue with it in the CRS sunset review or the administrative
reviews)$B!"F|K\$OMx324X78(successfully challenging in the present WTO dispute settlement
proceedings USDOC$B!G(Bs use, in the CRS sunset review, of
the dumping margins from the administrative reviews, simply because NSC did not
raise this issue in the CRS sunset review)$B!"$3$NE@%<%m%$%s%0$rMQ$$$F7W;;$5$l$?$Hr0cH?$H$J$i$J$$$H$7$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$9$k(B(129-132)$B!#(B
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"r$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$9$k$+H]$+$N7kO@$r=P$9$3$H$,$G$-$J$$$H$7$?!#-!(BEC – Bed Linen$B>e5i0QJs9p$G$O!"#E#C$NMQ$$$?%<%m%$%s%0$NK\r0cH?$rG'Dj$7$?(B(133-135)$B!"-"JF9q$,9T@/%l%S%e!<$GMQ$$$?7W;;J}K!$H!"(BEC – Bed Linen$B$K$*$$$F?3::$NBP>]$H$J$C$?#E#C$N%<%m%$%s%0$H$N4V$K$ON`;wE@$,8+$i$l$k$b$N$N!"JF9q$O!"9T@/%l%S%e!<$GMQ$$$?7W;;J}K!$O%<%m%$%s%0$G$O$J$/!"$^$?(BEC – Bed Linen$B$GLdBj$H$J$C$?%<%m%$%s%0$O!V2C=EJ?6QBP2C=EJ?6Q(B(average-to-average)$B!W$NHf3S$K4p$E$$$F9T$o$l$F$$$k0lJ}$GJF9q$O!V2C=EJ?6QBP8DJL(average-to-transaction)$B!W$NHf3S$r9T$C$F$$$k$H(136)$B!"-#%Q%M%kG'Dj$b!"JF9q$N9T@/%l%S%e!<$GMQ$$$?7W;;J}K!$,;ve(BEC – Bed Linen$B$GLdBj$H$J$C$?7W;;J}K!$KAjEv$9$k$N$+(B(equivalent in effect to the methodology used by the European Communities
and considered by us in EC – Bed Linen)$B$K$D$$$FITL@3N$G$"$j!"$3$N$h$&$K;vu67$K$*$$$F$OJF9q$N%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$1$k%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$NMxMQ$,#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$+H]$+$K$D$$$F$N7kO@$r2<$9$3$H$O$G$-$J$$(B(137-138)$B!#(B
$BA(Order-Wide Basis of Likelihood Determination)
$B!!F|K\$O!"(B$B2DG=@-$N7hDj$O4k6H$4$H$K9T$&$Y$-$G$"$j!"#A#DAr5Z$S#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"]$H$J$j$($J$$$H$$$&M}M3$GF|K\$N$3$N?=N)$rB`$1$F$$$k$,!">e=R$7$?$h$&$K%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$,?3::$NBP>]$H$J$i$J$$$H$$$&%Q%M%kG'Dj$O$9$G$KGK4~$7$F$$$k$3$H$r3NG'$9$k(B(145-146)$B!"-"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$NJ88@$O!"4k6H$4$H$K2DG=@-$N7hDj$r9T$&$3$H$r5a$a$F$*$i$:!"$3$NE@#1#1!%#2>r$,Mx324X78NE*$G$"$k(B(149)$B!"-#JF9q$,r$O%^!<%8%s$,0[$J$k>l9g$G$"$C$F$b0l$D$NA(authorities may use a single order to impose a $B!H(Bduty$B!I(B, even though
the amount of the duty imposed on each exporter or producer may vary)$B!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N2DG=@-$N7hDj$r4k6H$4$H$K9T$&I,MW$,$J$$$3$H$r<(:6$7$F$$$k(B(150)$B!"-$F|K\$,0M5r$7$F$$$k#A#D6(Dj#6>r$O!"8D!9$N4k6H$KBP$9$kEv6I$N5AL3$r5,Dj$7$F$*$j!"$3$N5,Dj$O#1#1!%#4>r$K$h$C$F#1#1!%#3>r$K$b=`MQ$5$l$k$,!"#6>r$OEv6I$,2DG=@-$N7hDj$r4k6H$4$H$K9T$&$3$H$r5a$a$F$$$k$o$1$G$O$J$$(B(silent on whether the authorities must make a separate likelihood
determination for each exporter or producer)(152)$B!"-%F|K\$,0M5r$7$F$$$k#A#D6(Dj#6!%#1#0>r$O!"%*%j%8%J%kD4::$K$*$$$F$b>o$K4k6H$4$H$K%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$r7W;;$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$o$1$G$O$J$$$3$H$rL@<($7$F$$$k$7!"%@%s%T%s%0$N7W;;$K4X$9$k#6!%#1#0>r$N5AL3$O#1#1!%#4>r$K$h$C$F$b#1#1!%#3>r$K=`MQ$5$l$J$$(B(153-155)$B!"-&$J$*!">e5-$NG'Dj$O!"Ev6I$,4k6H$4$H$K2DG=@-$N7hDj$r9T$&$3$H$rK8$2$k$b$N$G$O$J$$$3$H$r3NG'$9$k(B(158)$B!#(B
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"Ar$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$J$$$H7kO@$7$?$3$H$+$i!"$3$NE@$K$D$$$F$N%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($NK\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$X$NE,MQ$KBP$9$kF|K\$N(162)$B!#(B
$B2DG=@-$N7hDj$K$*$$$F8!F$$5$l$?MW0x(B(The Factors Considered by USDOC in Making a Likelihood
Determination)
$B!!F|K\$O!"2DG=@-$N7hDj$K$*$$$F8!F$$9$Y$-MW0x$,8BDj$5$l$F$$$k$J$I$H$7$F!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N5Z$SK\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$X$NE,MQ$N#1#1!%#3>r0cH?$r
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$+H]$+$K$D$$$F$N7kO@$r2<$9$3$H$O$G$-$J$$$H=R$Y$?!#-!%Q%M%k$O!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$O#A#D6(Dj$"$k$$$O#W#T#O@_N)6(Dj$N2<$G$N?3::BP>]$H$J$j$($J$$$H$$$&M}M3$GF|K\$N$3$N?=N)$rB`$1$F$$$k$,!">e=R$7$?$h$&$K%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$,?3::$NBP>]$H$J$i$J$$$H$$$&%Q%M%kG'Dj$O$9$G$KGK4~$7$F$$$k$3$H$r3NG'$9$k(B(165-166)$B!"-"(BUS – Carbon Steel$B>e5i0QJs9p$G=R$Y$?$h$&$K!"A]$H$J$C$F$$$k:]$K$O!"$^$:Ae$N0UL#$HFbMF$rJ,@O$7!"Ae$N0UL#$dFbMF$,L@3N$G$J$$>l9g$K$O!"$5$i$J$k?3::$,I,MW$H$J$k(B(when a measure is challenged $B!H(Bas such$B!I(B, the starting point for an
analysis must be the measure on its face.
If the meaning and content of the measure are clear on its face, then
the consistency of the measure as such can be assessed on that basis
alone. If, however, the meaning or
content of the measure is not evident on its face, further examination is
required)(168)$B!"-#K\7o$GLdBj$H$J$C$F$$$k%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($O!"2a5n$N%@%s%T%s%0$HM"F~NL$r2DG=@-$N7hDj$K$*$$$F8!F$$9$Y$-MW0x$H$7$F5,Dj$7$F$$$k$,!"2DG=@-$N7hDj$K$*$$$F%@%s%T%s%0$HM"F~NL$r>o$K8!F$$9$k$H$$$&$3$H$K$OLdBj$,$J$$(B(173)$B!"-$$7$+$7K\7o$GLdBj$H$J$C$F$$$k%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($O!"%@%s%T%s%0$HM"F~NL$K9b$$>Z5rNO(B($B!H(Bhighly probative$B!I(B)$B$rG'$a$F$*$j!"$3$l$,%@%s%T%s%0$+B;32$N$$$:$l$+Kt$ON>J}$,$=$l<+BN$G%@%s%T%s%0$,B8B3Kt$O:FH/$9$k2DG=@-$N==J,$J>Z5r$H?dDj$5$l$k$H$$$&$3$H$r0UL#$9$k$N$G$"$l$PLdBj$,$"$j(B(We would have difficulty accepting that dumping margins and import
volumes are always $B!H(Bhighly probative$B!I(B in a sunset review by USDOC if this means
that either or both of these factors are presumed, by themselves, to constitute
sufficient evidence that the expiry of the duty would be likely to lead to
continuation or recurrence of dumping)$B!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N2DG=@-$O%1!<%9$4$H$K3NZ5r$r:,5r$H$7$FE,@Z$K7hDj$5$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(a firm evidentiary foundation is required in each case for a
proper determination under Article 11.3 of the likelihood of continuation or
recurrence of dumping)(176-178)$B!"-%$3$NE@!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($,%@%s%T%s%0$dB;32$N>Z5r2ACM$r$I$N$h$&$K$_$J$7$F$$$k$+$K$D$$$F!"@/:v9p<($NJ88@$+$i$OL@3N$G$J$/!"Ev;v9q4V$KAh$$$,$"$k>e!"%Q%M%k$O$3$NLdBj$K$D$$$F$N;v(179-184)$B!"-&F|K\$O!"Ev6I$K!V$=$NB>$NMW0x(B(other factors)$B!W$K4X$9$k>Z5r$N8!F$$r5a$a$k$?$a$K$OMx324X78(good cause)$B!W$r<($5$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$H$$$&E@$K$D$$$F$b%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$O#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r0cH?$G$"$k$H$NMW0x!W$K4X$7$F!V@5Ev$JM}M3!W4p=`$,$I$N$h$&$K1?MQ$5$l$k$+%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($NJ88@$N$_$G$OL@$i$+$G$J$/!"$^$?$3$NLdBj$K$D$$$F%Q%M%k$N;v(185-189)$B!"-'$J$*!"Ev3:%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<(5,Dj$O!"7hDj2aDx$K$*$1$kF)L@@-$d0l4S@-$rB%?J$74XO"$9$kO@E@$d>Z5r$K$D$$$F>GE@$rL@3N$K$9$k$H$$$&E@$G!"Ev6I$d9T@/Z5r$K4p$E$$$F9T$o$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$N$G$"$j(B(We acknowledge
that these types of instructions to an executive agency may well serve as a
useful tool to the agency as well as for all participants in administrative
proceedings. They tend to promote
transparency and consistency in decision-making, and can help authorities and
participants to focus on the relevant issues and evidence. However, these considerations cannot
override the obligation of investigating authorities, in a sunset review, to
determine, on the basis of all relevant evidence, whether the expiry of the
duty would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of dumping)$B!"!VH?>Z$G$-$J$$!W?dDj$d$"$k7kO@$r!VM=Dj$9$k!W$3$H$O6(Dj0cH?$H$J$j$&$k$3$H$r3NG'$9$k(B(Provisions that
create "irrebuttable" presumptions, or
"predetermine" a particular result, run the risk of being found
inconsistent with this type of obligation)(191)$B!#(B
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!">e5-O@E@$K78$k%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($NK\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$X$NE,MQ$,#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H$NF|K\$NpJs$r<}(B$B=8$7$J$+$C$?$H$$$&6qBNE*$J>u67$K$D$$$F8@5Z$7$F$*$i$:!"$^$?K\7o$K$*$1$kEv6I$N7hDj$OIT9gM}$H$O$$$($J$$$H$7$F!"F|K\$N(199-207)$B!#(B
$B#4!%#A#D6(Dj#1#8!%#4>r5Z$S#W#T#O@_N)6(Dj#1#6!%#4>r(B(Article 18.4 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement and Article
XVI:4 of the WTO Agreement)
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$,#A#D6(Dj$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H$$$&G'Dj$r$7$J$+$C$?$N$G!"JF9q$O#A#D6(Dj#1#8!%#4>r$"$k$$$O#W#T#O@_N)6(Dj#1#6!%#4>r$K$b0cH?$7$F$$$J$$$H7kO@$7$?(B(209-211)$B!#(B
$B>e5i0Q0w2q$N(B$B7kO@(B
$B!!0J>e$h$j!">e5i0Q0w2q$O
(a) $B%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($,5AL3E*$JK!N'J8=q$G$O$J$/!"$7$?$,$C$F#A#D6(Dj$"$k$$$O#W#T#O@_N)6(Dj$N2<$G$NJ6Ah$K$*$$$F?3::BP>]$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$9$k!#(B
(b) $BK\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$$$F!"9T@/%l%S%e!<$G%<%m%$%s%0$rMQ$$$F7W;;$5$l$?$Hr$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$9$k!#$?$@$7!"$3$N?=N)$K$D$$$FJ,@O$r40N;$77kO@$r2<$9$?$a$KI,MW$J;v
(c) $BA]$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$$3$H$N$_$r:,5r$H$7$F6(Dj0cH?$rG'$a$J$+$C$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$9$k$b$N$N!"Ar$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$J$$!#$^$?!"Ev3:5,Dj$NK\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$X$NE,MQ$,#A#D6(Dj#6!%#1#0>r$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$r;Y;}$9$k!#(B
(d) $B2DG=@-$N7hDj$r9T$&:]$K8!F$$9$Y$-MW0x$K$D$$$F!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$r?3::BP>]$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$$3$H$N$_$r:,5r$H$7$F6(Dj0cH?$rG'$a$J$+$C$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$9$k$b$N$N!"$3$N?=N)$K$D$$$FJ,@O$r40N;$77kO@$r2<$9$?$a$KI,MW$J;vr$K0cH?$7$J$$$H$7$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$r;Y;}$9$k!#(B
(e) $B%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($,#A#D6(Dj#1#8!%#4>r$"$k$$$O#W#T#O@_N)6(Dj#1#6!%#4>r$K0cH?$7$J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$K$D$$$F!"0[$J$kM}M3$G$O$"$k$,!"$3$l$r;Y;}$9$k!#(B
$B!!0J>e$h$j!">e5i0Q0w2q$O!"#D#S#B!JJ6Ah2r7h5!4X!K$K#D#S#U!JJ6Ah2r7hN;2r!K#1#9!%#1>r$K4p$E$/4+9p$O9T$o$J$$$H=R$Y$?!#(B
© 2004 Yuka Fukunaga All Rights Reserved