WT/DS244/AB/R

15 December 2003

United States – Sunset Review of Anti-Dumping Duties on Corrosion Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from Japan

Report of the Appellate Body

 

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Yasuhei Taniguchi (Presiding Member)

George Abi-Saab

A.V. Ganesan

 

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r$NBP>]HO0O(B>$B#1!%@h7hLdBj(B(Preliminary Issues)

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"F|K\$N>eAJDLCN$NCf$G8@5Z$5$l$F$$$?%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$NMxMQ$K4X$9$k%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$N#A#D6(Dj@09g@-$K78$k%Q%M%kG'Dj$X$N>eAJ$K$D$$$F!"F|K\$N>e5i0Q0w2q$X$N0U8+=q$NCf$G$O$3$NLdBj$K4X$9$kO@5r$,<($5$l$F$$$J$$$N$G!"$3$NLdBj$K$D$$$F$O8!F$$7$J$$$H=R$Y$?(B(69-70)$B!#(B

$B!!JF9q$O!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r2rr$b$7$/$O#A#D6(Dj#1#7!%#6>r@09g@-$K$D$$$F$O!"F|K\$N>eAJDLCN$NCf$G8@5Z$5$l$F$*$i$:!"$7$?$,$C$F>e5i0Q0w2q$O$3$NLdBj$r?3::$9$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$$He5i0Q0w2q$O!"F|K\$N@bL@$K$h$l$P!"?3::4p=`$NLdBj$O%Q%M%k$N#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>rG'Dj$X$N>eAJ$NO@5r(B(reasoning)$B$H$7$F0U8+=q$NCf$G8@5Z$5$l$F$$$k$K2a$.$:!"$7$?$,$C$F$3$NLdBj$O%`!<%H$H$J$C$F$*$j!">e5i0Q0w2q$O#D#S#U#1#1>r$"$k$$$O#A#D6(Dj#1#7!%#6>r$N@09g@-$K$D$$$F$O?3::$7$J$$$H=R$Y$?(B(71)$B!#(B

 

$B#2!%%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$,?3::$NBP>]$H$J$k$+(B(Is the Sunset Policy Bulletin $B!H(BChallengeable$B!I(B As Such?)

$B!!F|K\$O!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$r?3::$NBP>]$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-!"$^$?r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k(B(the Sunset Policy Bulletin sets forth $B!H(Bactionable administrative procedures$B!I(B that can, as such, be challenged under, and that are inconsistent with, the Anti-Dumping Agreement and Article XVI:4 of the WTO Agreement)$B$H$7$F>eAJ$7$F$$$?(B(77)$B!#(B

$B$I$N$h$&$J7A<0$NA]$H$J$j$&$k$+(B(The Type of Measure that Can, As Such, be the Subject of Dispute Settlement Proceedings)

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"]$H$J$i$J$$$H$7$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$7$?!#-!$^$:!"$I$N$h$&$J7A<0$NA]$H$J$j$&$k$N$+$H$$$&LdBj(B(The first issue concerns the type of measures that my, as such, form the subject matter of dispute settlement under the Anti-Dumping Agreement.  In other words, does the type of instrument itself – be it a law, regulation, procedure, practice, or something else – govern whether it may be subject to WTO dispute settlement?)$B$H!"$"$kA(The second issue concerns whether a measure$B!G(Bs mandatory or discretionary character determines if it can, as such, be found to be inconsistent with the covered agreements)$B$H$r6hJL$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(78)$B!"-"Hs5AL3E*Ae$NJ6Ah=hM}$NBP>]$H$J$j$($J$$$H$_$J$9$Y$-:,5r$,$"$k$+H]$+$K$D$$$F(B(whether there is any basis for holding that non-mandatory measures cannot, as such, be subject to dispute settlement under the Anti-Dumping Agreement)$B!"#D#S#U!JJ6Ah2r7hN;2r!K#3!%#3>r$h$j!"86B'$H$7$F!"9T@/5!4X$J$I9q2H5!4X$N:n0YKt$OIT:n0Y$N$h$&$K!"#W#T#O2CLA9q$K5"@U$5$l$k$$$+$J$k:n0YKt$OIT:n0Y$bJ6Ah=hM}]$G$"$k!VA(In principle, any act or omission attributable to a WTO Member can be a measure of that Member for purposes of dispute settlement proceedings.  The acts or omissions that are so attributable are, in the usual case, the acts or omissions of the organs of that state, including those of the executive branch)(81)$B!"-#$5$i$K!"$3$l$^$G#G#A#T#T!?#W#T#O%Q%M%k$O!"FCDj$N>u67$KE,MQ$5$l$?FCDj$NA-MhE*$JE,MQ$,M=Dj$5$l$F$$$k%k!<%k$d5,HO$r@_$1$kA(In addition, in GATT and WTO dispute settlement practice, panels have frequently examined measures consisting not only of particular acts applied only to a specific situation, but also of acts setting forth rules or norms that are intended to have general and prospective application.  In other words, instruments of a Member containing rules or norms could constitute a "measure", irrespective of how or whether those rules or norms are applied in a particular instance)$B!"$3$l$O!"#G#A#T#T!?#W#T#O$N5,N'$dJ6Ah=hM}@)EY$,8=:_$NKG0W$N$_$J$i$:>-Mh$NKG0W$KI,MW$J0BDj@-$HM=B,2DG=@-$re$N5AL3$KH?$9$k$h$&$J%k!<%k$d5,HO$r@_$1$k$b$N$,:NBr$5$l!"$K$b$+$+$o$i$:%Q%M%k?3::$NBP>]$H$J$i$J$$$H$9$l$P!"$=$N$h$&$J%k!<%k$d5,HO$NFCDj$N;vNc$X$NE,MQ$K4X$o$i$:1&$NL\E*$,B;$J$o$l$k$3$H$K$J$k(B(This is so because the disciplines of the GATT and the WTO, as well as the dispute settlement system, are intended to protect not only existing trade but also the security and predictability needed to conduct future trade.  This objective would be frustrated if instruments setting out rules or norms inconsistent with a Member's obligations could not be brought before a panel once they have been adopted and irrespective of any particular instance of application of such rules or norms)$B!"$^$?!"%k!<%k$d5,HO$r@_$1$k$b$N$=$N$b$N$rJ6Ah=hM}$NBP>]$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$:!"FCDj$NE,MQ$N$_$7$+?3::$G$-$J$$$H$9$l$P!"AJ>Y$N=EJ#$r>7$-$+$M$:!"A-Mh$NJ6Ah$rKI$$$G$$$k$H$$$($k(B(It would also lead to a multiplicity of litigation if instruments embodying rules or norms could not be challenged as such, but only in the instances of their application.  Thus, allowing claims against measures, as such, serves the purpose of preventing future disputes by allowing the root of WTO-inconsistent behaviour to be eliminated)(82)$B!"-$]$H$J$j$&$kAe$N@)8B$,$"$k$+H]$+(B(whether there are any limitations upon the types of measures that may, as such, be the subject of dispute settlement under the DSU or the applicable covered agreement, in this case the  Anti-Dumping Agreement)$B$K$D$$$F!"#A#D6(Dj#1#7!%#4>r$K$h$l$P!"%"%s%A%@%s%T%s%0J6Ah$K$*$$$F%Q%M%k$O3NDjE*#A#D@G!"2A3JLsB+$N(As regards the specific requirements of the  Anti-Dumping Agreement, we have explained that Article 17.4 precludes a panel from addressing individual acts (as opposed to measures "as such") committed by an investigating authority in the context of the initiation and conduct of anti-dumping investigations  unless  one of the three types of measure listed in Article 17.4 is identified in the request for establishment of a panel.  These measures are a definitive anti-dumping duty, the acceptance of a price undertaking, and a provisional measure)$B!"(BUS – 1916 Act$B>e5i0QJs9p$O$3$N5,Dj$d#A#D6(Dj$N$=$NB>$N5,Dj$,(B$B@)DjK!$=$N$b$N(B$B$X$N?=N)$KBP$9$k%Q%M%k$N4I3m8"$r@)8B$7$J$$$3$H$r3NG'$7$F$$$k(B(We have also found, in US – 1916 Act, that Article 17.4 does not place such a limit on a panel's jurisdiction to entertain claims against legislation  as such.  Indeed, we stated in that appeal that no provision of the  Anti-Dumping Agreement  precludes a panel from considering claims against legislation  as such)(83)$B!"-%$5$i$K!"#G#A#T#TK!(B(GATT acquis) $B!"#G#A#T#T479T$N2<$G$bJ6Ah=hM}$NBP>]$H$J$C$?AGuatemala – Cement I$B>e5i0QJs9p$G$b3NG'$5$l$F$$$k(B(85)$B!"-&#A#D6(Dj#1#7!%#3>r$O!"!VB>$N2CLA9q$K$h$C$F!WMx1W$,L58z2=Kt$O?/32$5$l$?$H!VG'$a$k!W2CLA9q$O6(5D$rMW@A$9$k$3$H$,=PMh$k(B(when a complaining Member $B!H(Bconsiders$B!I(B that its benefits are being nullified or impaired $B!H(Bby another Member or Members$B!I(B, it may request consultations)$B$H$7$F!"J6Ah=hM}$NBP>]$H$J$kA(There is no threshold requirement, in Article 17.3, that the measure in question be of a certain type)$B!"-'#A#D6(Dj#1#8!%#4>r$O!"2CLA9q$K!"!VK!Na5Z$S9T@/>e$Ne$N5AL3$KE,9g$9$k$h$&3NJ]$9$k$?$a$K!V$9$Y$F$NI,MW$J0lHLE*Kt$O8DJLE*$JA(Article 18.4 contains an explicit obligation for Members to "take all necessary steps, of a general or particular character" to ensure that their "laws, regulations and administrative procedures" are in conformity with the obligations set forth in the Anti-Dumping Agreement)$B!"$3$N!VK!Na5Z$S9T@/>e$N (Taken as a whole, the phrase "laws, regulations and administrative procedures" seems to us to encompass the entire body of generally applicable rules, norms and standards adopted by Members in connection with the conduct of anti-dumping proceedings)$B!"$"$k]$H$9$k$3$H$,=PMh$J$$$H$9$l$P!"#A#D6(Dj>e$N!VE,9g!W$5$;$k5AL3$rB;$M$F$7$^$&(B(If some of these types of measure could not, as such, be subject to dispute settlement under the  Anti-Dumping Agreement, it would frustrate the obligation of "conformity" set forth in Article 18.4)(87)$B!"-(0J>e$h$j!"#G#A#T#T!?#W#T#O$N479T>e!"$"$k$$$O#A#D6(Dj$N5,Dj>e!"$"$k]$H$J$j$&$k$H$9$k:,5r$O$J$/(B(This analysis leads us to conclude that there is no basis, either in the practice of the GATT and the WTO generally or in the provisions of the  Anti-Dumping Agreement, for finding that only certain types of measure can, as such, be challenged in dispute settlement proceedings under the  Anti-Dumping Agreement)$B!"86B'$H$7$F!"Hs5AL3E*A]$H$J$j$($J$$$H$O$$$($J$$(B(Hence we see no reason for concluding that, in principle, non-mandatory measures cannot be challenged "as such")(88)$B!"-)A]$H$J$k$3$H$rG'$a$k$3$H$O!"#D#S#U#3!%#2>r$K5,Dj$5$l$k2CLA9q$N?=N)$r9T$&8"Mx$NJq3gE*$J@-(we do not think that panels are obliged, as a preliminary jurisdictional matter, to examine whether the challenged measure is mandatory)$B!"A(This issue is relevant, if at all, only as party of the panel$B!G(Bs assessment of whether the measure is, as such, inconsistent with particular obligations)

$B%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$O#A#D6(Dj0cH?$H$J$j$($J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj(B(The Panel$B!G(Bs Finding that the Sunset Policy Bulletin, As Such, Cannot be Inconsistent with the Anti-Dumping Agreement)

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"(we have not, as yet, been required to pronounce generally upon the continuing relevance or significance of the mandatory/discretionary distinction.  Nor do we consider that this appeal calls for us to undertake a comprehensive examination of this distinction)$B$b$N$N!"B>$NJ,@O (we do, nevertheless, wish to observe that as with any such analytical tool, the import of the $B!H(Bmandatory/discretionary distinction$B!I(B may vary from case to case)$B!"$7$?$,$C$F$3$N6hJ,$r5!3#E*$KE,MQ$9$k$3$H$K$O?5=E$K$J$k$Y$-$G$"$k(B(For this reason, we also wish to caution against the application of this distinction in a mechanistic fashion)(93)$B!"-"%Q%M%k$O!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($N=xJ8$r8+$?$@$1$G!"5,Dj$NFbMF$N?3::$d4XO"K!Na$H$NFbMF$NHf3S$r$7$F$$$J$$$7!"$^$?%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<(5,Dj$N5,HOE*@-3J$d94B+@-!"F|K\$,>Z5r$rDs=P$7$?$3$l$^$G$NE,MQ;vNc$r==J,$K8!F$$7$F$$$J$$!"$5$i$K!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($,!V5AL3E*$JK!N'J8=q$G$O$J$$!W$H$NG'Dj$N$_$r:,5r$H$7$F$3$l$r#A#D6(Dj#1#8!%#4>r$N9T@/>e$N(94-100)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"K\?=N)$K4X$9$kJ,@O(B$B$r40N;$7@09g@-$K4X$9$k7kO@$r2<$9$3$H$,$G$-$k$+H]$+(B(whether we can, ourselves, complete the analysis and rule on these claims)$B$K$D$$$F$O0J2<$G8!F$$9$k$H=R$Y$?(B(101)$B!#(B

 

$B#3!%F|K\$N#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$K4p$E$/?=N)(B(Japan$B!G(Bs Specific Claims under Article 11.3 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement)

$B!!F|K\$O!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$K4X$9$k%Q%M%kG'Dj$KBP$7$F>eAJ$7$F$$$?!#(B

$B354Q(B(Overview)

$B>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"$O$8$a$K!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N5AL3$K$D$$$F!"r$N%@%s%T%s%0$NB8B3Kt$O:FH/$N2DG=@-$K4X$9$k7hDj!J!V2DG=@-$N7hDj(B(likelihood determination)$B!W!K$G$"$j!"2DG=@-$N7hDj$O>-Mh$K4X$9$k7hDj(B(prospective determination)$B$G!"Ev6I$O>-Mh$N8+DL$7$K$D$$$F$NJ,@O$r9T$$2>$K#A#D@G$,E1GQ$5$l$?$i$I$N$h$&$J;vBV$,@8$8$k$+$K$D$$$F8!F$$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(the authorities must undertake a forward-looking analysis and seek to resolve the issue of what would be likely to occur if the duty were terminated)(105)$B!"-"(BUS – Carbon Steel$B>e5i0QJs9p$+$i?d;!$5$l$k$h$&$K!"Ev6I$OD4::$K$*$$$F$O(B$B%@%s%T%s%0$,B8:_$9$k$+H]$+(B(whether dumping exists)$B$r7hDj$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$0lJ}$G!"%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$$$F$O#A#D@G$NE1GQ$,(B$B%@%s%T%s%0$NB8B3Kt$O:FH/$r$b$?$i$92DG=@-$,$"$k$+H]$+(B(whether the expiry of the duty that was imposed at the conclusion of an original investigation would likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of dumping)$B$r7hDj$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(106-107)$B!"-##A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N!V%@%s%T%s%0!W$O#A#D6(Dj#2!%#1>r$KDj5A$5$l$k%@%s%T%s%0$HF1$80UL#$K2r$9$Y$-$G$"$k(B(108-109)$B!"-$#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N!V7hDj$9$k(B(determine)$B!W$O!"D4::E*$J@-YE*$J@-$BN>J}(B$B$rAH$_9g$o$;$?2aDx$rA[Dj$7$F$*$j(B(envisages a process combining both investigatory and adjudicatory aspects)$B!"(Article 11.3 assigns an active rather than a passive decision-making role to the authorities)$B$H2r$5$l!"%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$rZ5r$K4p$E$$$?7kO@$r2<$5$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(authorities conducting a sunset review must act with an appropriate degree of diligence and arrive at a reasoned conclusion on the basis of information gathered as part of a process of reconsideration and examination)(110-111)$B!"-%$=$NB>$N5,Dj$+$i$b!"%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$$$F$OLJL)$J?3::(B(rigorous examination)$B$,9T$o$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$H2r$5$l!"$3$NE@%Q%M%k$N#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N2r(112-115)$B!#(B

$BK\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$1$k%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$NMxMQ(B(The Dumping Margins Used in the CRS Sunset Review)

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"(allegedly using a zeroing methodology)$B%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$rMQ$$$?$3$H$O#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$J$$$H$7$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$7$?!#-!%Q%M%k$,=R$Y$F$$$k$h$&$K!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$O2DG=@-$N7hDj$NJ}K!$K$D$$$F6qBNE*$J5AL3$r2]$7$F$$$J$$(B(123)$B!"-"$5$i$K!"%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$$$F$O%@%s%T%s%0$r7W;;$9$k$3$H$,5AL3IU$1$i$l$F$$$J$$$,!"$3$l$O%*%j%8%J%kD4::$H%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$H$N@-(124)$B!"-#$?$@$7!">e=R$7$?$h$&$K!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N!V%@%s%T%s%0!W$O#A#D6(Dj#2>r$G5,Dj$5$l$k%@%s%T%s%0$HF1$80UL#$K2r$5$l!"2>$KEv6I$,%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$K4p$E$$$F2DG=@-$N7hDj$r9T$&$J$i$P!"$=$N%^!<%8%s$N7W;;$O#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$N5AL3$KE,9g$7$F$$$J$1$l$P$J$i$:(B(should investigating authorities chose to rely upon dumping margins in making their likelihood determination, the calculation of these margins must conform to the disciplines of Article 2.4)$B!"$b$7%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$$$FMxMQ$5$l$?%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$,#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$KH?$9$kJ}K!$G7W;;$5$l$F$$$k$J$i$P!"$=$l$O#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$N$_$J$i$:#1#1!%#3>r0cH?$K$b$J$j$((B(If these margins were legally flawed because they were calculated in a manner inconsistent with Article 2.4, this could give rise to an inconsistency not only with Article 2.4, but also with Article 11.3 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement)$B!"$3$NE@#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$KH?$9$kJ}K!$G7W;;$5$l$?%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$r%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$GMQ$$$F$b#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r0cH?$H$J$i$J$$$H$7$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$9$k(B(125-128)$B!"-$r$H$N@09g@-$K$D$$$F!">e=R$7$?$h$&$K!"9T@/%l%S%e!<$K$*$1$k%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$N7W;;J}K!$,#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$K@09gE*$G$"$k$3$H$,!"K\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$1$k2DG=@-$N7hDj$N#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r@09g@-$r:81&$7(B(the consistency with Article 2.4 of the methodology that USDOC used to calculate the dumping margins in the administrative reviews bears on the consistency with Article 11.3 of USDOC$B!G(BS likelihood determination in the CRS sunset review)$B!"$^$?Mx324X78(a legal defect of this kind cannot be cured by NSC$B!G(Bs failure to take issue with it in the CRS sunset review or the administrative reviews)$B!"F|K\$OMx324X78(successfully challenging in the present WTO dispute settlement proceedings USDOC$B!G(Bs use, in the CRS sunset review, of the dumping margins from the administrative reviews, simply because NSC did not raise this issue in the CRS sunset review)$B!"$3$NE@%<%m%$%s%0$rMQ$$$F7W;;$5$l$?$Hr0cH?$H$J$i$J$$$H$7$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$9$k(B(129-132)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"r$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$9$k$+H]$+$N7kO@$r=P$9$3$H$,$G$-$J$$$H$7$?!#-!(BEC – Bed Linen$B>e5i0QJs9p$G$O!"#E#C$NMQ$$$?%<%m%$%s%0$NK\r0cH?$rG'Dj$7$?(B(133-135)$B!"-"JF9q$,9T@/%l%S%e!<$GMQ$$$?7W;;J}K!$H!"(BEC – Bed Linen$B$K$*$$$F?3::$NBP>]$H$J$C$?#E#C$N%<%m%$%s%0$H$N4V$K$ON`;wE@$,8+$i$l$k$b$N$N!"JF9q$O!"9T@/%l%S%e!<$GMQ$$$?7W;;J}K!$O%<%m%$%s%0$G$O$J$/!"$^$?(BEC – Bed Linen$B$GLdBj$H$J$C$?%<%m%$%s%0$O!V2C=EJ?6QBP2C=EJ?6Q(B(average-to-average)$B!W$NHf3S$K4p$E$$$F9T$o$l$F$$$k0lJ}$GJF9q$O!V2C=EJ?6QBP8DJL(average-to-transaction)$B!W$NHf3S$r9T$C$F$$$k$H(136)$B!"-#%Q%M%kG'Dj$b!"JF9q$N9T@/%l%S%e!<$GMQ$$$?7W;;J}K!$,;ve(BEC – Bed Linen$B$GLdBj$H$J$C$?7W;;J}K!$KAjEv$9$k$N$+(B(equivalent in effect to the methodology used by the European Communities and considered by us in EC – Bed Linen)$B$K$D$$$FITL@3N$G$"$j!"$3$N$h$&$K;vu67$K$*$$$F$OJF9q$N%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$1$k%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$NMxMQ$,#A#D6(Dj#2!%#4>r$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$+H]$+$K$D$$$F$N7kO@$r2<$9$3$H$O$G$-$J$$(B(137-138)$B!#(B

$BA(Order-Wide Basis of Likelihood Determination)

$B!!F|K\$O!"(B$B2DG=@-$N7hDj$O4k6H$4$H$K9T$&$Y$-$G$"$j!"#A#DAr5Z$S#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"]$H$J$j$($J$$$H$$$&M}M3$GF|K\$N$3$N?=N)$rB`$1$F$$$k$,!">e=R$7$?$h$&$K%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$,?3::$NBP>]$H$J$i$J$$$H$$$&%Q%M%kG'Dj$O$9$G$KGK4~$7$F$$$k$3$H$r3NG'$9$k(B(145-146)$B!"-"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$NJ88@$O!"4k6H$4$H$K2DG=@-$N7hDj$r9T$&$3$H$r5a$a$F$*$i$:!"$3$NE@#1#1!%#2>r$,Mx324X78NE*$G$"$k(B(149)$B!"-#JF9q$,r$O%^!<%8%s$,0[$J$k>l9g$G$"$C$F$b0l$D$NA(authorities may use a single order to impose a $B!H(Bduty$B!I(B, even though the amount of the duty imposed on each exporter or producer may vary)$B!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N2DG=@-$N7hDj$r4k6H$4$H$K9T$&I,MW$,$J$$$3$H$r<(:6$7$F$$$k(B(150)$B!"-$F|K\$,0M5r$7$F$$$k#A#D6(Dj#6>r$O!"8D!9$N4k6H$KBP$9$kEv6I$N5AL3$r5,Dj$7$F$*$j!"$3$N5,Dj$O#1#1!%#4>r$K$h$C$F#1#1!%#3>r$K$b=`MQ$5$l$k$,!"#6>r$OEv6I$,2DG=@-$N7hDj$r4k6H$4$H$K9T$&$3$H$r5a$a$F$$$k$o$1$G$O$J$$(B(silent on whether the authorities must make a separate likelihood determination for each exporter or producer)(152)$B!"-%F|K\$,0M5r$7$F$$$k#A#D6(Dj#6!%#1#0>r$O!"%*%j%8%J%kD4::$K$*$$$F$b>o$K4k6H$4$H$K%@%s%T%s%0!&%^!<%8%s$r7W;;$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$o$1$G$O$J$$$3$H$rL@<($7$F$$$k$7!"%@%s%T%s%0$N7W;;$K4X$9$k#6!%#1#0>r$N5AL3$O#1#1!%#4>r$K$h$C$F$b#1#1!%#3>r$K=`MQ$5$l$J$$(B(153-155)$B!"-&$J$*!">e5-$NG'Dj$O!"Ev6I$,4k6H$4$H$K2DG=@-$N7hDj$r9T$&$3$H$rK8$2$k$b$N$G$O$J$$$3$H$r3NG'$9$k(B(158)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"Ar$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$J$$$H7kO@$7$?$3$H$+$i!"$3$NE@$K$D$$$F$N%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($NK\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$X$NE,MQ$KBP$9$kF|K\$N(162)$B!#(B

$B2DG=@-$N7hDj$K$*$$$F8!F$$5$l$?MW0x(B(The Factors Considered by USDOC in Making a Likelihood Determination)

$B!!F|K\$O!"2DG=@-$N7hDj$K$*$$$F8!F$$9$Y$-MW0x$,8BDj$5$l$F$$$k$J$I$H$7$F!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N5Z$SK\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$X$NE,MQ$N#1#1!%#3>r0cH?$r

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$+H]$+$K$D$$$F$N7kO@$r2<$9$3$H$O$G$-$J$$$H=R$Y$?!#-!%Q%M%k$O!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$O#A#D6(Dj$"$k$$$O#W#T#O@_N)6(Dj$N2<$G$N?3::BP>]$H$J$j$($J$$$H$$$&M}M3$GF|K\$N$3$N?=N)$rB`$1$F$$$k$,!">e=R$7$?$h$&$K%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$,?3::$NBP>]$H$J$i$J$$$H$$$&%Q%M%kG'Dj$O$9$G$KGK4~$7$F$$$k$3$H$r3NG'$9$k(B(165-166)$B!"-"(BUS – Carbon Steel$B>e5i0QJs9p$G=R$Y$?$h$&$K!"A]$H$J$C$F$$$k:]$K$O!"$^$:Ae$N0UL#$HFbMF$rJ,@O$7!"Ae$N0UL#$dFbMF$,L@3N$G$J$$>l9g$K$O!"$5$i$J$k?3::$,I,MW$H$J$k(B(when a measure is challenged $B!H(Bas such$B!I(B, the starting point for an analysis must be the measure on its face.  If the meaning and content of the measure are clear on its face, then the consistency of the measure as such can be assessed on that basis alone.  If, however, the meaning or content of the measure is not evident on its face, further examination is required)(168)$B!"-#K\7o$GLdBj$H$J$C$F$$$k%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($O!"2a5n$N%@%s%T%s%0$HM"F~NL$r2DG=@-$N7hDj$K$*$$$F8!F$$9$Y$-MW0x$H$7$F5,Dj$7$F$$$k$,!"2DG=@-$N7hDj$K$*$$$F%@%s%T%s%0$HM"F~NL$r>o$K8!F$$9$k$H$$$&$3$H$K$OLdBj$,$J$$(B(173)$B!"-$$7$+$7K\7o$GLdBj$H$J$C$F$$$k%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($O!"%@%s%T%s%0$HM"F~NL$K9b$$>Z5rNO(B($B!H(Bhighly probative$B!I(B)$B$rG'$a$F$*$j!"$3$l$,%@%s%T%s%0$+B;32$N$$$:$l$+Kt$ON>J}$,$=$l<+BN$G%@%s%T%s%0$,B8B3Kt$O:FH/$9$k2DG=@-$N==J,$J>Z5r$H?dDj$5$l$k$H$$$&$3$H$r0UL#$9$k$N$G$"$l$PLdBj$,$"$j(B(We would have difficulty accepting that dumping margins and import volumes are always $B!H(Bhighly probative$B!I(B in a sunset review by USDOC if this means that either or both of these factors are presumed, by themselves, to constitute sufficient evidence that the expiry of the duty would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of dumping)$B!"#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$N2DG=@-$O%1!<%9$4$H$K3NZ5r$r:,5r$H$7$FE,@Z$K7hDj$5$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(a firm evidentiary foundation is required in each case for a proper determination under Article 11.3 of the likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping)(176-178)$B!"-%$3$NE@!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($,%@%s%T%s%0$dB;32$N>Z5r2ACM$r$I$N$h$&$K$_$J$7$F$$$k$+$K$D$$$F!"@/:v9p<($NJ88@$+$i$OL@3N$G$J$/!"Ev;v9q4V$KAh$$$,$"$k>e!"%Q%M%k$O$3$NLdBj$K$D$$$F$N;v(179-184)$B!"-&F|K\$O!"Ev6I$K!V$=$NB>$NMW0x(B(other factors)$B!W$K4X$9$k>Z5r$N8!F$$r5a$a$k$?$a$K$OMx324X78(good cause)$B!W$r<($5$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$H$$$&E@$K$D$$$F$b%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$O#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r0cH?$G$"$k$H$NMW0x!W$K4X$7$F!V@5Ev$JM}M3!W4p=`$,$I$N$h$&$K1?MQ$5$l$k$+%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($NJ88@$N$_$G$OL@$i$+$G$J$/!"$^$?$3$NLdBj$K$D$$$F%Q%M%k$N;v(185-189)$B!"-'$J$*!"Ev3:%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<(5,Dj$O!"7hDj2aDx$K$*$1$kF)L@@-$d0l4S@-$rB%?J$74XO"$9$kO@E@$d>Z5r$K$D$$$F>GE@$rL@3N$K$9$k$H$$$&E@$G!"Ev6I$d9T@/Z5r$K4p$E$$$F9T$o$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$N$G$"$j(B(We acknowledge that these types of instructions to an executive agency may well serve as a useful tool to the agency as well as for all participants in administrative proceedings.  They tend to promote transparency and consistency in decision-making, and can help authorities and participants to focus on the relevant issues and evidence.  However, these considerations cannot override the obligation of investigating authorities, in a sunset review, to determine, on the basis of all relevant evidence, whether the expiry of the duty would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of dumping)$B!"!VH?>Z$G$-$J$$!W?dDj$d$"$k7kO@$r!VM=Dj$9$k!W$3$H$O6(Dj0cH?$H$J$j$&$k$3$H$r3NG'$9$k(B(Provisions that create "irrebuttable" presumptions, or "predetermine" a particular result, run the risk of being found inconsistent with this type of obligation)(191)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!">e5-O@E@$K78$k%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($NK\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$X$NE,MQ$,#A#D6(Dj#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H$NF|K\$NpJs$r<}(B$B=8$7$J$+$C$?$H$$$&6qBNE*$J>u67$K$D$$$F8@5Z$7$F$*$i$:!"$^$?K\7o$K$*$1$kEv6I$N7hDj$OIT9gM}$H$O$$$($J$$$H$7$F!"F|K\$N(199-207)$B!#(B

 

$B#4!%#A#D6(Dj#1#8!%#4>r5Z$S#W#T#O@_N)6(Dj#1#6!%#4>r(B(Article 18.4 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement and Article XVI:4 of the WTO Agreement)

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$,#A#D6(Dj$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H$$$&G'Dj$r$7$J$+$C$?$N$G!"JF9q$O#A#D6(Dj#1#8!%#4>r$"$k$$$O#W#T#O@_N)6(Dj#1#6!%#4>r$K$b0cH?$7$F$$$J$$$H7kO@$7$?(B(209-211)$B!#(B

 

 

*$B>e5i0Q0w2q$N(B$B7kO@(B

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(a) $B%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($,5AL3E*$JK!N'J8=q$G$O$J$/!"$7$?$,$C$F#A#D6(Dj$"$k$$$O#W#T#O@_N)6(Dj$N2<$G$NJ6Ah$K$*$$$F?3::BP>]$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$9$k!#(B

(b) $BK\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$K$*$$$F!"9T@/%l%S%e!<$G%<%m%$%s%0$rMQ$$$F7W;;$5$l$?$Hr$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$9$k!#$?$@$7!"$3$N?=N)$K$D$$$FJ,@O$r40N;$77kO@$r2<$9$?$a$KI,MW$J;v

(c) $BA]$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$$3$H$N$_$r:,5r$H$7$F6(Dj0cH?$rG'$a$J$+$C$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$9$k$b$N$N!"Ar$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$J$$!#$^$?!"Ev3:5,Dj$NK\7o%5%s%;%C%H!&%l%S%e!<$X$NE,MQ$,#A#D6(Dj#6!%#1#0>r$"$k$$$O#1#1!%#3>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$r;Y;}$9$k!#(B

(d) $B2DG=@-$N7hDj$r9T$&:]$K8!F$$9$Y$-MW0x$K$D$$$F!"%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($=$N$b$N$r?3::BP>]$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$$3$H$N$_$r:,5r$H$7$F6(Dj0cH?$rG'$a$J$+$C$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$9$k$b$N$N!"$3$N?=N)$K$D$$$FJ,@O$r40N;$77kO@$r2<$9$?$a$KI,MW$J;vr$K0cH?$7$J$$$H$7$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$r;Y;}$9$k!#(B

(e) $B%5%s%;%C%H@/:v9p<($,#A#D6(Dj#1#8!%#4>r$"$k$$$O#W#T#O@_N)6(Dj#1#6!%#4>r$K0cH?$7$J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$K$D$$$F!"0[$J$kM}M3$G$O$"$k$,!"$3$l$r;Y;}$9$k!#(B

 

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