WT/DS245/R
15
July 2003
Japan – Measures Affecting the
Importation of Apples
Complaint by the United States
Report of the Panel
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Mr. Michael Cartland (Chairperson),
Ms. Kathy-Ann Brown
Mr. Christian Häberli
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$B#S#P#S6(Dj!J1R@8?"J*8!1VA; Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Measures$B!K(B
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$B"(>e5i0Q0w2qJs9p$K$D$$$F$O!"(B$B>e5i0Q0w2qJs9pJ,@O(B$B$r;29M$K$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
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$BF|K\$N?"J*KI1VK!(B(Plant Protection Law)$B5Z$S;\9T5,B'$O!"9qFb$KB8:_$7$J$$8!1VM-32?"J*$,IUCe$7$F$$$k62$l$N$"$k?"J*$NM"F~$r6X;_$7$F$$$k$,!"0J2<$NMW7o$rK~$?$9>l9g$K$OM"F~$,2r6X$5$l$k!#$=$NMW7o$H$O!"-!BeBXA
$B$H$/$K2P=}IB46@w$N62$l$N$"$kJF9q;:$N$j$s$4@82L$BG@NS?e;:>J9p<(Bh#3#5#49f$H%"%a%j%+9g=09q;:$j$s$4$K78$k4p=`$K4p$E$-!"(B$B0J2<$N8!1VAJ$N%[!<%`%Z!<%8;2>H!K!#$9$J$o$A!"-!2P=}IB40A4L5IB1`CO$N;XDj!"-"M"=P1`CO$N<~0O$K#5#0#0#mI}$N4K>WCOBS$r@_CV!"-#(B $BG/#32s!J3+2V4|!"MD2L4|!"<}3O4|!K$N1`CO8!::$N $B2LJ?"J*KI1V=j$N%[!<%`%Z!<%8$r;2>H!K!#(B
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$B#F#A#O!J9q:]?)NHG@6H5!4X!K$N#I#P#P#C!J9q:]?"J*KI1V>rLs!K$O!"?"J*KI1V$rL\E*$H$7!"8!1VA(International Standards for Phytosanitary
Measures ($B#I#S#P#M(B))$B$N:vDj$r9T$C$F$$$k!#K\7o$GLdBj$H$J$C$?$N$O!"#I#S#P#M#2$H#I#S#P#M#1#1$G!"#I#S#P#M#2$OIB32Cn4m81EY2r@O(B(pest risk analysis ($B#P#R#A(B))$B$N0lHLE*;X?K$r!"#I#S#P#M#1#1$O2r@O$N
$B%Q%M%k7hDj$NJ,@O(B$B!J(B()$BFb$N?t;z$OCJMnHV9f!K(B
r$NBP>]HO0O(B>$B#1!%(B$B@h7hLdBj(B
$B%Q%M%k?3::$N=g=x(B(Approach followed by the Panel)
$B%Q%M%k$O!"0J2<$N$h$&$J=g=x$G?3::$r9T$&$H=R$Y$?(B(8.4)$B!#-!K\7o$GLdBj$H$J$C$F$$$k8!1VAr5Z$S#5!%#7>r$N?3::!"-$#S#P#S6(Dj#5!%#1>r$N?3::!J#S#P#S6(Dj#2!%#2>r5Z$S#S#P#S6(Dj#5!%#7>r0cH?$rG'Dj$7$?>l9g!"#S#P#S6(Dj#5!%#1>r$N?3::$O9T$&I,MW$O$J$$$,!"#D#S#B!JJ6Ah2r7h5!4X!K4+9p$K$h$k8z2LE*$JJ6Ah2r7h$r3NJ]$9$k$?$a!"#S#P#S6(Dj#5!%#1>r$K$D$$$F$b?3::$9$k$3$H$H$9$k!K!"-%#S#P#S6(Dj#7>r5Z$SImB0=q#B$N?3::!#(B
$BK\7o$GLdBj$H$J$C$F$$$k8!1VA];:IJ(B(The measure at
issue and the product subject to this measure)
$B%Q%M%k$O!"(BAustralia – Salmon$B>e5i0QJs9p$r0zMQ$7$D$D!"K\7o$GLdBj$H$J$C$F$$$kA(8.11-20)$B!#(B
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"JF9q$NJ!J#U#S#D#A!K$,;XDj$7$?2P=}IBL5IB1`$G@8;:$9$k$3$H!"-"M"=P1`CO$NWCOBS$r@_CV$9$k$3$H!"-$G/#32s1`CO8!::$r$N2LZL@$5$l$F$$$k$3$H!"-*F|K\@/I\$,>ZL@=q$r3NG'$7$+$D:-Jq;\@_$r8!::$9$k$3$H(B(8.21-25)$B!#(B
$B%Q%M%k$O!"K\7o8!1VA];:IJ$K$D$$$F!"#S#P#S6(Dj$K4p$E$-8xJ?$J?3::$r9T$&$?$a$K$O!"JF9q$NI>u$N$j$s$4(B(mature, symptomless apple fruit)$B!W$G$O$J$/C1$K$j$s$4(B(apple fruit)$B$rBP>];:IJ$H$_$J$9$Y$-$@$H=R$Y$?(B(Without
prejudice to our discussion of the merits of this case, we feel bound at this
early stage of our reasoning not to prejudice our conclusions by unduly
restricting the scope of our findings to mature, symptomless apple
fruit.)(8.30-34)$B!#(B
$BN)>Z@UG$(B(Burden of proof)
$B%Q%M%k$O!"#S#P#S6(Dj$NN)>Z@UG$$K$D$$$F(BEC – Hormones$B>e5i0QJs9p$G<($5$l$?86B'$,E,MQ$5$l$k$3$H$r3NG'$7!"2P=}IBL5IBCO0h(B(pest free territory)$B$G$"$kF|K\$K$*$1$k>pJs$,JF9q$h$j$b>/$J$$$3$H$rG'$a$D$D$b!"JF9q$KN)>Z@UG$$rE>49$7$?$j$h$j=E$$N)>Z@UG$$r2]$9$3$H$O=PMh$J$$$H=R$Y$?(B(8.41-48)$B!#(B
$B%Q%M%k$O$^$?!"%Q%M%k@_CV8eMxMQ2DG=$K$J$C$?>Z5r$K$D$$$F!"86B'$H$7$FBh#12s8}F,?3M}$^$G$KDs=P$5$l$?>Z5r$K$D$$$F$O!"B>J}$NEv;v9q$,8+2r$r=R$Y$k5!2q$rM-$7$F$$$?8B$j$3$l$r5qH]$7$J$$$H=R$Y$?(B(8.49)$B!#(B
$B%Q%M%k$O!"Z5r$,I,MW$+$K$D$$$F$O!"3F?=N)$4$H$KH=CG$9$k$H=R$Y$?(B(8.50-51)$B!#(B
$BF|K\$+$i$N@h7hE*7hDj$NMW@A(B(Japan$B!G(Bs requests for preliminary rulings)
$B!!F|K\$O!"JF9q$,Ds=P$7$?>Z5r$N0lIt$r%Q%M%k$N?3::BP>]$+$i=|30$9$k$h$&5a$a$F$$$?!#%Q%M%k$O!"%Q%M%k$KLdBj$N5R4QE*$JI>2A$r9T$&$3$H$r5a$a$?#D#S#U#1#1>r$K8@5Z$7$D$D!"F|K\$NMW@A$rG'$a$J$+$C$?(B(8.55-56)$B!#(B
$B!!F|K\$O!"JF9q$,6(5DMW@A$NCf$G8@5Z$7$F$$$J$+$C$??=N)5Z$SBh#12s0U8+=q$NCf$G8@5Z$7$F$$$J$+$C$??=N)$K$D$$$F!"%Q%M%k$N?3::BP>]$+$i=|30$9$k$h$&5a$a$F$$$?$,!"%Q%M%k$O$$$:$l$N(8.59-66)$B!#(B
$B#2!%(B$B#S#P#S6(Dj#2!%#2>r(B(Article 2.2 of the SPS
Agreement)
$B#S#P#S6(Dj#2!%#2>r$K4p$E$/8!1VA(Approach of the Panel with respect to the review of the
Phytosanitary measure at issue under Article 2.2 of the SPS Agreement)
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"K\7o$GAh$o$l$F$$$k$N$OF|K\$N$j$s$48!1VAZ5r$J$7$K(B(without sufficient scientific evidence)$B!W0];}$5$l$F$$$k$+H]$+$G$"$k$H=R$Y$?>e$G!"!V==J,$J2J3XE*>Z5r$J$7$K!W0];}$5$l$F$$$k$+H]$+$r?3::$9$k:]$N%Q%M%k$N%"%W%m!<%A$K$D$$$F!"r@09g@-$r?3::$7$?8e$G!"$3$NAr$K$h$j@5Ev2=$5$l$&$k$H$NF|K\$N(8.80)$B!"-"#S#P#S6(Dj#2!%#2>r$K4p$E$-!"F|K\$NAZ5r$J$7$K!W0];}$5$l$F$$$k$+H]$+$r?3::$9$k$?$a$K$O!"0J2<$N#5E@$r?3::$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!"$9$J$o$A(B(i)$B@.=O$7$?L5>I>u$N$j$s$4$H$$$&35G0$,2J3XE*$KBEEv$+!"$^$?%Q%M%k?3::$r@.=O$7$?L5>I>u$N$j$s$4$X$NA(as a preliminary matter, whether the notion of mature, symptomless
apple fruit is scientifically supported and whether it is appropriate to
restrict our examination of the measure at issue to its application to mature,
symptomless apples)$B!"(B(ii)$B@.=O$7$?$j$s$4$,2P=}IB$K46@w$9$k$+(B(whether
mature apple fruit can be infected)$B!"(B(iii)$B@.=O$7$?$j$s$4$KFb@86]$,8+$i$l$k$+(B(whether endophytic bacteria may be found in mature apple
fruit)(iv)$B@.=O$7$?$j$s$4$,Ce@86]$r4s@8$5$;$F$$$k$+(B(whether mature apple fruit may harbour
epiphytic bacteria)(v) $BFb@86]Kt$OCe@86]$r4s@8$5$;$F$$$k$"$k$$$O$3$l$i$N6]$K46@w$7$F$$$k$j$s$4$,F|K\$G(B$B$N46@w8;$H$J$j$&$k$+(B(whether infested or infected apple fruit harbouring
endophytic or epiphytic bacteria can complete the fire blight transmission
pathway, i.e. whether the bacteria can survive commercial handling, storage and
transportation and whether, once it has entered Japan, it can transmit the
bacteria to host plants at a receptive stage (apple as a pathway))(8.89)$B!"-#!V2J3XE*>Z5r!W$K$D$$$F!"!VD>@\!W>Z5r$+!V4V@\!W>Z5r$K$+$+$o$i$:!"2J3XE*$JJ}K!$G<}=8$5$l$?>Z5r$O!V2J3XE*!W>Z5r$G$"$j!"$=$l0J30$NJ}K!$G<}=8$7$?>pJs$O!V2J3XE*!W>Z5r$G$O$J$$(B (the evidence to be considered should be evidence gathered through
scientific methods, excluding by the same token information not acquired
through a scientific method)$B!"$^$?!V>Z5r!W$K$O=pJs$d>ZL@$5$l$F$$$J$$2>@b$O4^$^$l$J$$(B(excludes in essence not only insufficiently substantiated
information, but also such things as a non-demonstrated hypothesis)$B!"$5$i$K>u67>Z5r$OMxMQ2DG=$J2J3XE*>Z5r$K>H$i$7$D$D8!F$$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(8.91-99)$B!"-$!V==J,$J!W$H$$$&4p=`$K$D$$$F!"(BJapan – Agricultural Products II$B>e5i0QJs9p$K$h$l$P!"==J,@-4p=`$OLdBj$H$J$C$F$$$k8!1VA]$H$7$F$$$k4m81$K$D$$$F$N!V2J3XE*>Z5r!W$H$N4V$KE,@Z$J4X78!"$9$J$o$A9gM}E*$"$k$$$O5R4QE*$J4X78(B(rational or objective relationship)$B$,$"$k$3$H$r5a$a$F$*$j!"JF9q$O$=$N$h$&$J4X78$,$J$$$3$H$rN)>Z$9$k@UG$$rIi$&(B(8.101-103,
105-106)$B!#(B
$B#S#P#S6(Dj#2!%#2>r$K4p$E$/K\7o8!1VAI>u$N!W$j$s$4$H$$$&35G0$N0U5A(B(Preliminary question: the relevance and consequences of the notion
of $B!H(Bmature, symptomless$B!I(B apple fruit in the assessment of the phytosanitary
measure at issue under Article 2.2)
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"I>u$N$j$s$4$NM"F~$K4X$9$k4m81$H$=$NB>$N$j$s$4$NM"F~$K4X$9$k4m81$H$rJ,$1$F!"2P=}IB$N46@w$K4X$9$k>Z5r$r8!F$$9$k!"$H=R$Y$?(B(it is not only useful, but also relevant to differentiate, in our
assessment of the evidence regarding transmission of the disease, between the
risks related to physiologically mature and apparently healthy apple on the one
hand, and the risks related to other apples (immature, mature, but damaged) on
the other hand, even if the latter may only accidentally enter the territory of
Japan)$B!#-!$j$s$4$,@.=O$7$F$$$k$+H]$+$r6hJL$9$k$3$H$O2J3XE*$K2DG=$G$"$j!"$5$i$K@.=O$7$F$$$k$+H]$+$K$h$C$F2P=}IB46@w$N4m81EY$,0[$J$k!J@.=O$7$F$$$k2L(8.113-115)$B!"-"46@w$7$?2LI>u$,8=$l$k$7!"$^$?>I>u$O$J$$$,30It$K6]$,IUCe$7$F$$$?2LI>u$,$"$k$+H]$+$b#S#P#S6(Dj#2!%#2>r$N?3::$K4XO"$9$k(B(8.116-118)$B!"-#%_%9$d0cK!9T0Y$K$h$C$F46@w$7$?2L(8.119-121)$B!#(B
$B@.=O$7$?L5>I>u$N$j$s$4$N4s@8!&46@w(B(Infestation and infection of mature, symptomless apple fruit)
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"I>u$N$j$s$4$,2P=}IB$rH/>I$5$;$k6]$r4s@8$5$;$F$$$k$"$k$$$O2P=}IB$K46@w$7$F$$$k$H$$$&==J,$J2J3XE*$J>Z5r$,$J$$$H7kO@$7$?!#-!%Q%M%k$,=u8@$rF@$?@lLg2H$O!"@.=O$7$?L5>I>u$N$j$s$4$,Fb@86]$r4s@8$5$;$F$$$k$3$H$O$J$$$H=R$Y$F$*$j!"$3$l$rJ$$9==J,$J>Z5r$,$J$$(B(8.125-128)$B!"-"%Q%M%k$,=u8@$r5a$a$?@lLg2H$K$h$l$P!"@.=O$7$?L5>I>u$N$j$s$4$,2P=}IB$N46@w8;$H$J$j$&$k$@$1$NCe@86]$r4s@8$5$;$F$$$k$H$$$&==J,$J2J3XE*>Z5r$,$J$$(B(8.134-136)$B!"-#%Q%M%k$NF@$?>Z5r$d@lLg2H$N=u8@$K$h$l$P!"@.=O$7$?L5>I>u$N$j$s$4$,2P=}IB$K46@w$7$F$$$k$H$O9M$($K$/$$(B(unlikely)(8.138-139)$B!#(B
$BJF9q$+$iM"F~$7$?$j$s$4$K$h$jF|K\$K2P=}IB$,?/F~!"DjCe!"L"1d$9$k4m81@-(B(Risk of entry, establishment or spread of fire blight within Japan
by imported US apple fruit(apple fruit as a pathway))
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"Z5r$O$J$$$HG'$a$?!#-!@lLg2H$N=u8@$K$h$l$P!"=EEY$K2P=}IB$K46@w$7$?1`CO$+$i$NM"=P$O95$($k$Y$-$G$O$"$k$,!"@.=O$7$?L5>I>u$N$j$s$4$,2P=}IB?/F~!"DjCe!"L"1d$N860x$K$J$k4m81@-$OL5;k$7$&$k(B(negligible)$B$b$N$G$"$k(B(8.147-153)$B!"-"0lJ}!"@.=O$7$?L5>I>u$N$j$s$40J30$N$j$s$4!"FC$K2P=}IB$K46@w$7$?$j$s$4$O2P=}IB$N860x$H$J$k6]$r4s@8$5$;$F$*$j!"$3$N$h$&$J$j$s$4$rDL$8$FF|K\$K2P=}IB6]$,?/F~$9$k$3$H$O9M$($i$l$k(B(8.154-157)$B!"-#2P=}IB$K46@w$7$?$j$s$4$,%_%9$d0cK!9T0Y$K$h$jF|K\$KM"F~$5$l$k4m81@-$O>.$5$$$b$N$N!"F|K\$O$3$N$h$&$J4m81@-$r9MN8$KF~$l$k$3$H$,$G$-$k(B(8.160-161)$B!"-$$7$+$7!"F|K\$KM"F~$5$l$?2P=}IB$K46@w$7$?$j$s$4$,!"F|K\$K$*$1$k2P=}IB$NDjCe!&L"1d$N860x$K$J$k$3$H$K$D$$$F$O!"==J,$J2J3XE*$J>Z5r$,<($5$l$F$$$J$$(B(8.163-168)$B!#(B
$BCf4V7kO@(B(Intermediate conclusion)
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"0J>e$rF'$^$(!"$j$s$4$,F|K\$K$*$$$F2P=}IB$rDjCe!&L"1d$5$;$k2DG=@-$K$D$$$F$O!J%<%m$G$O$J$$$b$N$N!K==J,$J2J3XE*>Z5r$,$J$$$H7kO@$7$?(B(8.169-176)$B!#(B
$BK\7o8!1VAr@09g@-(B(Conformity of the phytosanitary measure at issue with Article 2.2
of the SPS Agreement)$B!?#S#P#S6(Dj#2!%#2>r$K4X$9$k;CDjE*7kO@(B(Provisional conclusion on Article 2.2 of the SPS Agreement)
$B!!%Q%M%k$OZ5r$J$7$K!W0];}$5$l$F$$$k$H7kO@$7$?!#-!#S#P#S6(Dj#2!%#2>r$K$h$l$P!"8!1VAZ5r$H$N4V$K9gM}E*$"$k$$$O5R4QE*$J4X78$,$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$,!">e=R$7$?$h$&$J2J3XE*>Z5r$K$h$l$P4m81@-$,L5;k$7$&$k$b$N$G$"$k$H$$$&$3$H$H!"K\7o8!1VA(Given the negligible risk identified on the basis of the scientific
evidence and the nature of the elements composing the phytosanitary measure at
issue, the measure on the face of it is disproportionate to that
risk)(8.177-181)$B!"-"$H$j$o$1!"M"=P1`CO$N<~0O$K#5#0#0#mI}$N4K>WCOBS$r@_CV$9$k$H$$$&MW7o!"G/#32s1`CO8!::$rZ5r$H$N9gM}E*$"$k$$$O5R4QE*$J4X78$,$J$$(B(8.185-191, 195-197)$B!#(B
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"#S#P#S6(Dj#2!%#2>r$K4X$9$k:G=*E*$J7kO@$r=P$9A0$K!"K\7o8!1VAr$K$h$C$F@5Ev2=$5$l$&$k$+H]$+$r8!F$$9$k!"$H=R$Y$?(B(8.200-202)$B!#(B
$B#3!%(B$B#S#P#S6(Dj#5!%#7>r(B(Article 5.7 of the SPS Agreement)
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"r$K$h$C$F@5Ev2=$5$l$:!"$7$?$,$C$F#S#P#S6(Dj#2!%#2>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H7kO@$7$?!#-!(BJapan – Agricultural Products II$B>e5i0QJs9p$K$h$l$P!"#S#P#S6(Dj#5!%#7>r$K$h$jAZ$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!"$9$J$o$A(B(i)$BAZ5r$,IT==J,$J!W>u67$K$*$$$FE,MQ$5$l$F$$$k$3$H(B(The measure is imposed in respect of a situation where $B!H(Brelevant
scientific evidence is insufficient$B!I(B)$B!"(B(ii)$BApJs!W$K4p$E$-:NMQ$5$l$F$$$k$3$H(B(the measure is adopted on the basis of $B!H(Bavailable pertinent
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for their being realized)$B$r?3::$9$k(B(8.241-244)$B!#(B
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"r$K5,Dj$5$l$k4m81@-$NI>2A$NMW7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$J$$$H7kO@$7$?!#-!4m81@-$NI>2A$K4X$9$k?3::$NBP>]$H$9$Y$-;vpJs$J$I$=$l0J30$NMWAG$K$D$$$F$b4^$^$l$k(B(8.246-249)$B!"-"$3$l$^$G$N>e5i0Q0w2qJs9p$K$h$l$P!"#S#P#S6(Dj#5!%#1>r$N4m81@-I>2A$H$O!"0J2<$N$h$&$J$b$N$G$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!"$9$J$o$A!"(B(i)$B2CLA9q$,NN0hFb$K$*$1$k?/F~!"DjCe!"L"1d$rKI$4$&$H$7$F$$$kIB5$$H!"$3$l$i$KH<$&@x:_E*$J@8J*3X>e$N5Z$S7P:QE*$J1F6A$NFCDj(B(identify the diseases whose entry, establishment or spread
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$BE,MQ$7F@$k1R@8?"J*8!1VA2A(B(evaluate the likelihood of entry, establishment or spread of these
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$BA2A!V$K4p$E$$$F!W$$$k$+(B(Is the measure $B!H(Bbased on$B!I(B a risk assessment?)
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"F|K\$N#P#R#A$,#S#P#S6(Dj#5!%#1>r$K5,Dj$5$l$k4m81@-$NI>2A$NMW7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$J$$$H7kO@$7$?$3$H$+$i!"EvA3$KF|K\$NA2A!V$K4p$E$$$F!W$$$J$$$H7kO@$7$?(B(8.291)$B!#(B
$B#5!%#S#P#S6(Dj#5!%#6>r(B(Article 5.6 of the SPS Agreement)
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$B#6!%#S#P#S6(Dj#7>r5Z$SImB0=q#B(B(Article 7 and Annex B of the SPS Agreement)
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$B#7!%$=$NB>(B(Article XI of GATT 1994; Other Claims Included in the Request for
Establishment of the Panel)
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