WT/DS248/AB/R

WT/DS249/AB/R

WT/DS251/AB/R

WT/DS252/AB/R

WT/DS253/AB/R

WT/DS254/AB/R

WT/DS258/AB/R

WT/DS259/AB/R

11 July 2003

United States – Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Certain Steel Products

Report of the Appellate Body

 

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James Bacchus (Presiding Member)

George Abi-Saab

John Lockhart

 

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$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"JF9q9q:]E49]6(2q(B(the American Institute for International Steel)$B$+$iDs=P$5$l$?%"%_%+%9!&%-%e%j%($K$D$$$F!"?=N)$NFbMF$KD>@\4X78$9$k$b$N$G$O$J$$$H$7$F8!F$$NBP>]$H$7$J$+$C$?(B(268)$B!#(B

 

$B#2!%M=8+$5$l$J$+$C$?H/E8$H#S#G6(Dj#3!%#1>r(B(Unforeseen Developments and Article 3.1 of the Agreement on Safeguards)

$B!!JF9q$O!"M=8+$5$l$J$+$C$?H/E8$K4X$9$k%Q%M%kG'Dj!J!VM=8+$5$l$J$+$C$?H/E8!W$N(B$B7k2L$=$l$>$l$N;:IJ(B$B$NM"F~$,A}2C$7$?$3$H$K$D$$$F!":,5r$K4p$E$/E,@Z$J@bL@$K$h$j>ZL@$7$J$+$C$?(B(the United States failed to demonstrate, through a reasoned and adequate explanation, that $B!H(Bunforeseen developments$B!I(B had resulted in increased imports of each of the products on which the United States imposed safeguard measures on 20 March 2002)$B$3$H$O!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#9!%#1>r(B(a)$B5Z$S%;!<%U%,!<%I6(Dj!J0J2r$K0cH?$9$k!K$KBP$7>eAJ$7$F$$$?(B(269)$B!#(B

$B#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#9!%#1>r(B(a)$B$K78$k?=N)$NE,@Z$J?3::4p=`(B(Appropriate Standard of Review for Claims Under Article XIX:1(a) of the GATT 1994)

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#9!%#1>r(B(a)$B$K78$k?=N)$N?3::4p=`$K$D$$$F!"r$H#S#G6(Dj$H$OIT2DJ,$N4X78$K$"$j(B(inseparable relationship)$B!"!V(B$B:,5r$K4p$E$/E,@Z$J@bL@(B(reasoned and adequate explanation)$B!W$r9T$o$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$H$$$&5AL3$O!"#S#G6(Dj$N$_$J$i$:!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T>e$N5AL3$K$bE,MQ$5$l$k(B(275-276)$B!"-"!VM=8+$5$l$J$+$C$?H/E8!W$NB8:_$O!"#S#G6(Dj#3!%#1>r$N!V;v(pertinent issues of fact and law)$B!W$G$"$j!"$3$l$K$D$$$F$O#S#G6(Dj#2!%#1>r$K4X$9$k>ZL@$H6&$K!"#S#GA(277)$B!"-#!V:,5r$K4p$E$/E,@Z$J@bL@!W$,$J$1$l$P!"%Q%M%k$O#D#S#U!JJ6Ah2r7hN;2r!K#1#1>r$K4p$E$-?3::$r9T$&$3$H$,$G$-$J$$(B(278-279)$B!"-$0J>e$h$j!"%Q%M%k$NMQ$$$?#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#9!%#1>r(B(a)$B$K4X$9$k?3::4p=`$OBEEv$J$b$N$G$"$C$?(B(279)$B!#(B

$B#S#G6(Dj#3!%#1>r(B(Article 3.1 of the Agreement on Safeguards)

$B>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"#S#G6(Dj#3!%#1>r$N0UL#$K$D$$$F!"(reasoned)$B!W$NF0;l7A(B$B!H(Bto reason$B!I(B$B$NDL>o$N0UL#$O!VO@M}E*$K9M$($k(B(to think in a connected or logical manner; use one$B!G(Bs reason in forming conclusions)$B!W$H$$$&$3$H$G$"$j!"#S#G6(Dj#3!%#1>r$OEv6I$K7hDj$N!VO@M}E*:,5r(B(logical basis)$B!W$r<($9$3$H$r5AL3IU$1$F$$$k$K2a$.$:!"@bL@$r5AL3IU$1$F$$$k$o$1$G$O$J$$$H$B!H(Bto reason$B!I(B$B$NB>F0;l7A$O!V9M$($rO@M}E*$K<($9(B(to arrange the thought of in a logical manner, embody reason in; express in a logical form)$B!W$H$$$&0UL#$G$"$j!"#S#G6(Dj#3!%#1>r$OEv6I$K@bL@$9$k$3$H$r5AL3IU$1$F$$$k(B(284-288)$B!"-"#S#G6(Dj#4!%#2>r(B(c)$B$O!"#S#G6(Dj#3!%#1>r$N5AL3$rH/E8$5$;$F!"!V;vNc$N>\:Y$JJ,@O5Z$S8!F$$7$?MW0x$N4XO"@-$K$D$$$FN)>Z$7$?$b$N$rB.$d$+$K8xI=$9$k!W$3$H$r5AL3IU$1$F$*$j!"$3$l$O#S#G6(Dj#3!%#1>r$N!V;vr(B(a)$B$K$bE,MQ$5$l$k(B(289-290)$B!"-#%Q%M%k$,!"@bL@$N%?%$%_%s%0!"DxEY!"r$K4p$E$/@bL@$,FCDj$NJ}K!$G9T$o$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$H$O=R$Y$F$$$J$$(B(293-295)$B!"-$:,5r$K4p$E$/E,@Z$J@bL@$,$J$1$l$P!"%Q%M%k$O#D#S#U#1#1>r$K4p$E$-?3::$r9T$&$3$H$,$G$-$J$$(B(298-299)$B!"-%%Q%M%k$,!"#S#G6(Dj#3!%#1>r0cH?$K$h$jJF9q$,#2>r5Z$S#4>r$K$b0cH?$7$?$H7kO@$7$?$3$H$OBEEv$G$"$C$?(B(301-304)$B!"-&0J>e$h$j!"#S#G6(Dj#3!%#1>r:G=*J85Z$S#4!%#2>r(B(c)$B$O!"0J2<$r5AL3IU$1$F$$$k!'(B(a)$B%l%]!<%H$r8xI=$9$k$3$H!"(B(b)$B%l%]!<%H$,;vNc$N>\:Y$JJ,@O$r4^$`$3$H!"(B(c)$B%l%]!<%H$,8!F$$7$?MW0x$N4XO"@-$K$D$$$FN)>Z$7$F$$$k$3$H!"(B(d)$B%l%]!<%H$,G'Dj5Z$S:,5r$K4p$E$/7kO@$r5-:\$7$F$$$k$3$H!"(B(e)$BG'Dj5Z$S:,5r$K4p$E$/7kO@$,#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#9>r5Z$S#S#G6(Dj$N4XO"5,Dj$K5,Dj$5$l$k;v(304)$B!#(B

$B;:IJ$4$H$KM=8+$5$l$J$+$C$?H/E8$,M"F~$NA}2C$r5"7k$7$?$3$H$r>ZL@$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$+(B(Is It Necessary to Demonstrate for Each Safeguard Measure at Issue that Unforeseen Developments Resulted in Increased Imports?)

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"];:IJ$=$l$>$l$K$D$$$FM=8+$5$l$J$+$C$?H/E8$,M"F~$NA}2C$r5"7k$7$?$3$H$r>ZL@$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$r;Y;}$7$?!#-!#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#9!%#1>r(B(a)$B$NJ88@$+$i!"M=8+$5$l$J$+$C$?H/E8$O!"#S#GA]$H$J$k;:IJ$NM"F~$NA}2C$r5"7k$7$F$$$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(314-316)$B!"-"(BArgentina – Footwear (EC)$B$d(BKorea – Dairy$B$N>e5i0QJs9p$K$h$l$P!"M=8+$5$l$J$+$C$?H/E8$H#S#GA]$H$J$k;:IJ$NM"F~$NA}2C$H$N4V$K$O!VO@M}E*O"4X(B(logical connection)$B!W$,$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(317-318)$B!"-#%Q%M%k$O!"#I#T#C$N@bL@$r0lN'$KB`$1$?$o$1$G$O$J$/(B(the Panel did not make an $B!H(Bacross-the-board dismissal$B!I(B of the USITC$B!G(Bs $B!H(Bplausible explanations$B!I(B)$B!"#I#T#C$N@bL@$r8!F$$7$?>e$G!";v0F$NJ#;($5$K$+$s$,$_$k$H@bL@$OIT==J,$G$"$C$?$HE,@Z$KG'Dj$7$F$$$k(B(320-322)$B!#(B

$B%Q%M%k$O$"$k%G!<%?$r#I#T#C$N!VM=8+$5$l$J$+$C$?H/E8!W$K4X$9$k>ZL@$K!V4XO"$5$;!W$J$+$C$?$+(B(Alleged Failure by the Panel to $B!H(BLink$B!I(B Certain Data to the USITC$B!G(Bs Demonstration of how $B!H(BUnforeseen Developments$B!I(B Resulted in Increased Imports.)

$B!!JF9q$O!"(BEC – Pipe Fittings$B>e5i0Q0w2qJs9p$K0M5r$7$D$D!"#I#T#C%l%]!<%H$NM"F~$NA}2C$K$D$$$FO@$8$?%;%/%7%g%s$K!"M=8+$5$l$J$+$C$?H/E8$,M"F~$NA}2C$r5"7k$7$?$3$H$r>ZL@$9$k%G!<%?$,4^$^$l$F$*$j!"%Q%M%k$O$3$N%G!<%?$rMQ$$$FM=8+$5$l$J$+$C$?H/E8$K4X$9$k?3::$r9T$&$Y$-$@$C$?$H(324-325,327)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"%G!<%?$rMQ$$$FM=8+$5$l$J$+$C$?H/E8$,M"F~$NA}2C$r5"7k$7$?$3$H$K$D$$$F@bL@$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$N$O#I#T#C$G$"$j!"%Q%M%k$OEv6I$N%l%]!<%H$K4^$^$l$k%G!<%?$r=&$$=8$a$F7kO@$rF3$/I,MW$O$J$$(B(it was for the USITC to provide a $B!H(Breasoned conclusion$B!I(B on $B!H(Bunforeseen developments$B!I(B. $B!D(B it is not for panels to find support for such conclusions by cobbling together disjointed references scattered throughout a competent authority$B!G(Bs report.)$B$H$7$F!"JF9q$N(326-327, 329)$B!#(B

 

$B#3!%M"F~$NA}2C(B(Increased Imports)

$B$"$k(CCFR, Hot-Rolled Bar, and Stainless Steel Rod)

$B!!JF9q$O!"$"$keAJ$7$F$$$?(B(333)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"M"F~$NA}2C$,$"$k$+H]$+$rH=CG$9$kK!E*4p=`$K$D$$$F!"eAJ$rB`$1$?!#-!(BArgentina – Footwear (EC)$B>e5i0Q0w2qJs9p$G=R$Y$?$h$&$K!"!V!D$h$&$JA}2C$7$??tNL(B(such increased quantities)$B!W$H$$$&#S#G6(Dj#2!%#1>r$NMW7o$O!"J8L.$K>H$i$7$F2r($B!H(Bthere must be $B!F(Bsuch increased quantities$B!G(B as to cause or threaten to cause serious injury to the domestic industry)$B$H2r$5$l!"(BArgentina – Footwear (EC)$B>e5i0Q0w2qJs9p$G=R$Y$?!VM"F~$NA}2C$,==J,$K:G6a!"FMA3!"5^7c!"AjEv$G!W$"$k$+H]$+$O!"M"F~$NA}2C$ND4::$N$_$J$i$:!"=EBg$JB;32$d$=$N62$l!"$^$?0x2L4X78$K4X$9$kD4::$N$J$+$GL@$i$+$K$7$F$$$/$Y$-LdBj$G$"$k(B(345-346)$B!"-"#S#GA(extraordinary nature)$B!W$rM-$9$k!V6[5^A(emergency action)$B!W$G$"$k$+$i$H$$$C$F!"M"F~$NA}2C$,!V0[>o$J(B(abnormal)$B!W$b$N$G$"$kI,MW$O$J$/!"$`$7$mM"F~$NA}2C$,M=8+$5$l$J$+$C$?$"$k$$$OM=A[$5$l$J$+$C$?$b$N$G$"$k$,$f$($K#S#GA(Rather, [the $B!H(Bextraordinary nature$B!I(B depends on the fact that the increased imports were unforeseen or unexpected])(347-350)$B!"-##1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#9!%#1>r(B(a)$B5Z$S#S#G6(Dj#2!%#1>r$N!V(B$B5Z$S$=$N$h$&$J>r7o$G(B(and under such conditions)$B!W$H$$$&J88@$O!"M"F~$NA}2C$K4X$9$kI>2A$r%1!<%9$4$H$N;v>p$K>H$i$7$F?3::$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$3$H$r<(:6$7$F$$$k(B(351)$B!"-$M"F~$N%l%Y%k$rI>2A$9$k$K$O!"D4::4|4V$N$O$8$a$H=*$o$j$rHf3S$9$k$N$_$G$OIT==J,$G!"Ev6I$OD4::BP>]4|4VA4BN$rDL$7$?M"F~$N798~$K$D$$$F?3::$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(competent authorities are required to examine the trends in imports over the entire period of investigation.)(352-355)$B!"-%%Q%M%k$O!"M"F~$NA}2C$,!":G6a!"FMA3!"5^7c!"AjEv$G$"$k$+$NI>2A$K$D$$$F@dBPE*$J4p=`$,$"$k$HG'Dj$7$?$o$1$G$O$J$/(B(the Panel did not find that the degree of $B!H(Brecentness, suddenness, sharpness and significance$B!I(B had to be assessed by means of an absolute standard that, only if met, could warrant a finding of $B!H(Bincreased imports$B!I(B)$B!"Cj>]E*$J7hDj$G$O$J$/%1!<%9%P%$%1!<%9$G$N7hDj$,I,MW$H$N8+2r$r(the Panel was of the view that the assessment of whether an increase is $B!H(Brecent enough, sudden enough, and significant enough to cause or threaten serious injury$B!I(B is to be made on a case-by-case basis by the competent domestic authority – and is not, therefore, a determination that is made in the abstract.)$B!"$3$NE@>e=R$7$?(BArgentina – Footwear (EC)$B>e5i0Q0w2qJs9p$rE,@Z$KF'=1$7$F$$$k(B(357-361)$B!#(B

$B!!e5i0Q0w2q$O!"$"$k$leAJ$rB`$1$?!#-!$"$k]4|4V=*HW$KM"F~NL$,8:>/$7$?$H$$$&;v/$7$?$K$b$+$+$o$i$:#S#G6(Dj#2!%#1>r$NMW7o$,K~$?$5$l$k$3$H$K$D$$$F#I#T#C$,(B$B:,5r$K4p$E$/E,@Z$J@bL@(B$B$rDs<($7$F$$$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$r:,5r$H$7$F$*$j(B(the Panel$B!G(Bs conclusion was based on the Panel$B!G(Bs finding that the USITC had not provided a reasoned and adequate explanation of how the facts supported its determination that $B!D(B)$B!"BEEv$JG'Dj$G$"$C$?(B(368-376)$B!"-"%9%F%s%l%9@~:`$K$D$$$F!"(B(i)$B$"$keAJ$HF1;]$NJF9q$Ne5--!$HF1MM$NM}M3$G$3$l$rB`$1$k(B(379-380)$B!"(B(ii)$BM"F~$N9qFb;T>l%7%'%"$OM"F~$NA}2C$G$O$J$/0x2L4X78$K4X$9$kMW0x$G$"$j!"$3$l$r%Q%M%k$,8!F$$7$J$+$C$?$3$H$O8m$j$G$O$J$$(B(381-382)$B!"-#G.1dK@9]$K$D$$$F!"(B(i)$BJF9q$O!"%Q%M%k$,D4::BP>]4|4V=*HW$KM"F~$N@dBPNL$,8:>/$7$?$3$H$r=E;k$7$9$.$F$$$k$He5--!$HF1MM$NM}M3$G$3$N(386-388)$B!"(B(ii)$BJF9q$O!"%Q%M%k$,D4::BP>]4|4V=*HW$KM"F~$NAjBPNL$,8:>/$7$?$3$H$r=E;k$7$9$.$F$$$k$H ([data] may well support the USITC$B!G(Bs conclusion relating to increased imports)$B!"$3$NE@%Q%M%k$N;v2A$NBEEv@-$K$O7|G0$b$"$k(B (we have some misgivings about the Panel$B!G(Bs assessment)$B!"$7$+$7!"D4::BP>]4|4V=*HW$KM"F~$NAjBPNL$,8:>/$7$?$K$b$+$+$o$i$:#S#G6(Dj#2!%#1>r$NMW7o$,K~$?$5$l$k$3$H$K$D$$$F#I#T#C$O==J,@bL@$7$F$*$i$:!":,5r(B$B$K4p$E$/E,@Z$J@bL@$,Ds<($5$l$F$$$J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$OBEEv$G$"$C$?(B(The issue before us is whether the USITC provided an explanation in its report on whether imports increased relative to domestic production.  On that point, we agree with the Panel that the USITC did not explain why$B!D(B)(392-399)$B!#(B

$B%V%j%-@=IJ!"%9%F%s%l%99]@~(B(Tin Mill Products and Stainless Steel Wire)

$B!!JF9q$O!"%V%j%-@=IJ$H%9%F%s%l%99]@~$K$D$$$F!"%Q%M%k$,#I#T#C0Q0w$N0U8+$N3d$l$N$_$r:,5r$K0cH?G'Dj$7$?$3$H$OBEEv$G$J$$$H>eAJ$7$F$$$?(B(334)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"$B$G$-$J$$(B(cannot be reconciled)$B!W$H=R$Y$F$$$k$,!"0[$J$k;:IJDj5A$K4p$E$/G'Dj$OI,$:$7$bAj8_$KGSB>E*$H$O8@$($:(B([not] necessarily, mutually exclusive)$B!"@09gE*$K2r(it may be that they are irreconcilable, but that will depend on the facts of the case)$B!"$3$NE@%Q%M%k$OK\7o$K$*$$$F#I#T#CG'Dj$,@09gE*$K2r(413)$B!"-"#S#G6(Dj$O!"Ev6I$N7hDj$K$D$$$FC10l$N@bL@$rDs<($9$k$+J#?t$N@bL@$rDs<($9$k$+$K$D$$$F2CLA9q$N:[NL$rG'$a$F$$$k(B(414)$B!"-#%Q%M%k$O!"J#?t$N0[$J$k@bL@$,Ds<($5$l$F$$$k$H$$$&M}M3$N$_$G:,5r$K4p$E$/E,@Z$J@bL@$,Ds<($5$l$F$$$J$$$H7kO@$9$k$3$H$O$G$-$:(B(a panel may not conclude that there is no reasoned and adequate explanation for a competent authority$B!G(Bs determination by relying merely on the fact that distinct multiple explanations given by the competent authority are not based on an identically-defined like product)$B!"$=$l$>$l$N0Q0w$N8+2r$r8DJL$K?3::$7$?$&$($G:,5r$K4p$E$/E,@Z$J@bL@$,Ds<($5$l$F$$$k$+H]$+$rH=CG$9$Y$-$G$"$C$?(B(the Panel should have continued its inquiry by examining the views of the three Commissioners separately, in order to ascertain whether one of these sets of findings contained a reasoned and adequate explanation for the USITC$B!G(Bs $B!H(Bsingle institutional determination$B!I(B on tin mill products)(415-418)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"%V%j%-@=IJ$K4X$9$kG'Dj$HF1$8M}M3$G!"%9%F%s%l%99]@~$K4X$9$k%Q%M%kG'Dj$bGK4~$7$?(B(429)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"%V%j%-@=IJ$H%9%F%s%l%99]@~$K4X$9$k%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$7$?$3$H$K$h$j!"$3$l$i$K$D$$$F#I#T#C$,:,5r$K4p$E$/E,@Z$J@bL@$rDs<($7$?$+H]$+$K$D$$$F?3::$7!"$3$l$i#2;:IJ$NM"F~$NA}2C$K4X$9$k!VJ,@O$r40N;(B(complete the analysis)$B!W$9$Y$-$+H]$+$r8!F$$7$?!#>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"%V%j%-@=IJ$H%9%F%s%l%99]@~$K4X$9$k#S#GAr(B(a)$B5Z$S#S#G6(Dj#3!%#1>r!"$5$i$K%Q%i%l%j%:%`MW7o$K0cH?$7$F$*$j!"$7$?$,$C$F$3$l$i$N#S#GAe5i0Q0w2q$OM"F~$NA}2C$K$D$$$F$N!VJ,@O$r40N;!W$9$kI,MW$O$J$$$H=R$Y$?(B(431)$B!#(B

 

$B#4!%%Q%i%l%j%:%`(B

$BA]30$H$5$l$?M"F~$N1F6A$r@bL@$9$kI,MW@-(B(The Need to Account for the Effects of Imports from Excluded Sources)

$B!!JF9q$O!"Ev6I$OA]30$H$5$l$?M"F~$N1F6A$K$D$$$F@bL@$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$O!"#S#G6(Dj$NJ88@$K4p$E$/$b$N$G$O$J$$$H$7$F>eAJ$7$F$$$?(B(446-447)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"eAJ$rB`$1$?!#-!#S#G6(Dj#4!%#2>r(B(a)$B$H#4!%#2>r(B(b)$B$N!VM"F~$NA}2C!W$O6&$K#S#G6(Dj#2!%#1>r$K5,Dj$5$l$kM"F~!"$9$J$o$A(B$B#S#GA]$H$J$kM"F~(B(imports included in the safeguard measure)$B$r0UL#$7!"$7$?$,$C$F#S#GA]30$H$5$l$?M"F~$O#S#G6(Dj#4!%#2>r(B(b)$B$N!VM"F~$NA}2C0J30$N(B(other than increased imports)$B!WMW0x$H$_$J$5$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$:!"Ev6I$O!"#S#GA]30$H$5$l$?M"F~$r4^$`!"M"F~$NA}2C0J30$NMW0x$N1F6A$N@U$a$r#S#GA]$H$5$l$?M"F~$K5"$5$J$$$h$&$K$9$k(B(to ensure that the effects of factors other than increased imports – a set of factors that subsumes imports excluded from the safeguard measure – are not attributed to imports included in measure, in establishing a causal link between imports included in the measure and serious injury or threat thereof)$B5AL3$rIi$&(B(448-450)$B!"-"#S#G6(Dj#4!%#2>r(B(b)$B$NHs5"@UMW7o$rK~$?$9$K$O!"Ev6I$OM"F~$NA}2C0J30$NMW0x$N1F6A$rM"F~$NA}2C$K5"$7$F$$$J$$$3$H$K$D$$$F:,5r$K4p$E$/E,@Z$J@bL@$K$h$jL@<(E*$K>ZL@$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$:(B(the competent authorities must establish explicitly, through a reasoned and adequate explanation, that injury caused by factors other than increased imports is not attributed to increased imports)$B!"$7$?$,$C$F%Q%M%k$,Ev6I$OA]30$H$5$l$?M"F~$N1F6A$K$D$$$F@bL@$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$HG'Dj$7$?$3$H$OBEEv$G$"$C$?(B(451-453)$B!#(B

$B%9%F%s%l%9@~:`$K4X$9$k7kO@(B(Conclusions with Respect to Stainless Steel Rod)

$B!!JF9q$O!"%9%F%s%l%9@~:`$K$D$$$F!"%$%9%i%(%k$H%h%k%@%s$+$i$NM"F~$OHs>o$K>/$J$/#I#T#C$NG'Dj$K1F6A$rM?$($k$b$N$G$O$J$$$H#I#T#C$OG'Dj$7$F$*$j!"$3$NG'Dj$K$h$j%Q%i%l%j%:%`MW7o$OK~$?$5$l$F$$$k!"$3$NG'Dj$K2C$(!"$5$i$K:,5r$K4p$E$/E,@Z$J@bL@$K$h$C$F$3$l$rL@<(E*$K>ZL@$9$kI,MW$O$J$$(B (redundant findings)$B$H$7$F!"$3$NE@$K4X$9$k%Q%M%kG'Dj$KBP$7>eAJ$7$F$$$?(B(460)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"eAJ$rB`$1$?!#-!#I#T#C$O!"%+%J%@$H%a%-%7%3$r=|30$7$?M"F~$K$D$$$F$N7hDj$H!"%$%9%i%(%k$H%h%k%@%s$r=|30$7$?M"F~$K$D$$$F$N7hDj$rJL8D$K9T$C$F$$$k$N$_$G!"%+%J%@!"%a%-%7%3!"%$%9%i%(%k!"%h%k%@%s$r=|$$$?M"F~$N$_$G#S#GAr7o$rK~$?$7$&$k$+H]$+$K$D$$$F7hDj$r9T$C$F$$$J$$(B(465-467)$B!"-"%+%J%@!"%a%-%7%3!"%$%9%i%(%k!"%h%k%@%s$+$i$NM"F~NL$,>/$J$$$+$i$H$$$C$F!"%Q%i%l%j%:%`MW7o$N5AL3$NFbMF$,JQ$o$k$o$1$G$O$J$/!"$3$l$i#4%+9q$r=|$$$?M"F~$,#S#GA$B$R$H$D$K$^$H$a$?(B$BG'Dj(B(one single joint determination)$B$r9T$o$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$(B(468, 471-472)$B!#(B

 

$B#5!%0x2L4X78(B(Causation)

$B$"$k(CCFRS, Hot-Rolled Bar, Cold-Finished Bar, Rebar, Welded Pipe, FFTJ, and Stainless Steel Bar)

$B>e5i0Q0w2q$O!">e5-;:IJ$K4X$9$k#S#GAr(B(a)$B!"#S#G6(Dj#2!%#1>r!"#3!%#1>r!"#4!%#2>r0cH?$rG'Dj$7$F$*$j!"JF9q$N0x2L4X78J,@O$,#S#G6(Dj#2!%#1>r5Z$S#4!%#2>r$K0cH?$9$k$+$K$D$$$F$O?3::$9$kI,MW$,$J$$$H=R$Y$?(B(483)$B!#(B

$B$5$i$K>e5i0Q0w2q$O!">-Mh$N#S#GAeAJUS – Line Pipe$B!"(BUS – Lamb$B!"(BUS – Wheat Gluten$B!"(BEC – Pipe Fittings$B$K$*$1$k0x2L4X78$K4X$9$k>e5i0Q0w2qG'Dj$r:F3NG'$7$?(B(484-491)$B!#(B