WT/DS276/R

6 April 2004

Canada – Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of Imported Grain

   Complaint by the United States

Report of the Panel

 

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Ms. Claudia Orozco (Chairperson)

Mr. Alan Matthews

Mr. Hanspeter Tschäni

 

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$B#D#S#U!JJ6Ah2r7h$K78$k5,B'5Z$S; Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes$B!K!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T!J4X@G5Z$SKG0W$K4X$9$k0lHL6(Dj(B; The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade$B!K!"#T#R#I#M#s6(Dj!JKG0W$K4XO"$9$kEj;qA; Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures$B!K(B

 

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$B!!K\7o$GLdBj$H$J$C$?A.G~0Q0w2q(B(CWB; Canadian Wheat Board)$B$NM"=P@)EY!"-"%+%J%@$NM"F~9rJ*$N

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$B!!JF9q$,LdBj$H$7$?%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NM"=P@)EY$O!"0J2<$NMWAG$+$i9=@.$5$l$k!#-!%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NK!E*OHAH!"$9$J$o$A>.G~0Q0w2q$N:,5rK!$G$"$k%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2qK!(B(the Canadian Wheat Board Act)$B!"-"%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$N!"@>%+%J%@>.G~$NGdGc!"=i4|2A3J$N@_Dj!";YJ'J]>Z$J$I$K4X$9$kGSB>E*$b$7$/$OFCJL$NFC8"!"-#%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NM"=P$K4X$9$k%+%J%@@/I\$N9T0Y!"5Z$S!"M"=P8~$1>.G~$NGdGc$K4X$9$k%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$N9T0Y(B(6.12-17)$B!#(B

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$B!!JF9q$O0J2<$NE@$K$D$$$F%+%J%@$NM"F~9rJ*$N(i)$BM"F~9rJ*$r9rJ*MQ%5%$%m$XHBF~$9$k:]$KEv6I$N5v2D$rF@$k$3$H$r5AL3IU$1$F$$$k%+%J%@9rJ*K!(B(Canada Grain Act)$B#5#7>r(B(c)$B!"-"0\F0MQ%5%$%m(B(transfer elevator)$BFb$G@>%+%J%@;:9rJ*$HM"F~9rJ*$r=|$/9rJ*!JEl%+%J%@;:9rJ*!K$N:.9g$rG'$a$k%+%J%@9rJ*5,B'(B(Canada Grain Regulations)$B#5#6>r(B(1)$B!"-#@>%+%J%@;:9rJ*$NE4F;M"Aw$K$h$C$FF@$i$l$k<}F~$N>e8B$r@_Dj$7>e8B$rD6$($k3[$OEv6I$K;YJ'$&$3$H$r5AL3IU$1$k%+%J%@M"AwK!(B(Canada Transportation Act)$B#1#5#0>r(B(1)$B5Z$S(B(2)$B!"-$0lDj$N>l9g$K9rJ*@8;:$rMxMQ$9$k$3$H$rG'$a$k%+%J%@9rJ*K!#8#7>r(B(6.153-154)$B!#(B

 

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r$NBP>]HO0O(B>$B#1!%(B$B%Q%M%kG'Dj$N9=@.(B(Structure of the Findings)

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$B#2!%(B$B#37n%Q%M%k$N(Procedural Decisions and Rulings by the March Panel)

$B!!#2#0#0#3G/#57n#1#3F|!"%+%J%@$O#37n%Q%M%k$KBP$7!"#D#S#U#6!%#2>r$d>&6H>e$NHkL)$NJ]8n$J$I$K4X$7!"Bh#12s0U8+=qDs=P4|8B$^$G$K@h7hE*7hDj$r9T$&$3$H$r5a$a$k0U8+=q(B(preliminary written submissions)$B$rDs=P$7$?(B(6.5)$B!#%Q%M%k$OEv;v9q4V$N6(5D$r9T$C$?8e!"%+%J%@$N5a$a$K1~$8$F@h7hE*7hDj$r9T$&$?$a$N?3M}$r9T$&$3$H$r7h$a!"JF9q$K@h7hLdBj$K4X$9$k0U8+=q$rDs=P$9$k5!2q$rM?$($?!#(B

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$B>&6H>e$NHkL)$NJ]8n$K4X$9$k(Establishment of procedures for the protection of proprietary or commercially sensitive information)

$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"%+%J%@$,>&6H>e$NHkL)$NJ]8n$K4X$9$kFCJL$NpJsJ]8n$K4X$9$kJ}$GJF9q$,Ds0F$7$F$$$kpJs$r==J,$KJ]8n$9$k$b$N$H$O$$$($J$$!"-#%Q%M%k$OEv;v9q$d$3$NLdBj$K%3%a%s%H$r4s$;$?Bh;09q$N$$$:$l$b6KHk>pJsJ]8n$K4X$9$kFCJL$N(6.8)$B!#(B

$B!!#2#0#0#3G/#67n#2#5F|!"%Q%M%k$O6KHk>pJs$NJ]8n$K4X$9$kDI2CE*8!F$(Additional Working Procedures for the Protection of Strictly Confidential Information (SCI)$B!K$r:NBr$7$?!#(B

$BJF9q$N%Q%M%k@_CVMW@A$N#D#S#U#6!%#2>r@09g@-5Z$SJF9q$N%Q%M%k@_CVMW@A$KBP$9$k%+%J%@$N0[5D?=N)$NE,;~@-(B(Consistency of the United States$B!G(B panel request with Article 6.2 of the DSU and timeliness of Canada$B!G(Bs objection to the United States$B!G(B panel request)

$B!!#2#0#0#3G/#67n#2#5F|!"%Q%M%k$O!"JF9q$N#2#0#0#3G/#27n#6F|$N%Q%M%k@_CVMW@A$O#D#S#U#6!%#2>r$NMW7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$J$$$H$N%+%J%@$N(6.10)$B!J0J2( )$BFb$N?t;z$O@h7hE*7hDj$K$*$1$kCJMnHV9f!K!#-!%Q%M%k$O!"(BUS – German Steel CVD$B>e5i0QJs9p$rF'$^$($D$D!"#D#S#U#6!%#2>r$K4X$9$kLdBj$r8!F$$9$k(B(5-6)$B!"-"$^$:!"JF9q$N#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7>r$K4X$9$kr$NMW7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$J$$$HG'$a$k!"(B(i)$B#D#S#U#6!%#2>r$O!VLdBj$H$J$C$F$$$kFCDj$NA(identify the specific measures at issue)$B!W$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$H5,Dj$7$F$$$k$3$H$+$i!"%G%e!r$NL\E*$dK\7o$N;v(establish the identity of the precise measures at issue)$B$r8!F$$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(14-17)$B!"(B(ii)$BJF9q$N%Q%M%k@_CVMW@A$,L>A0$d@)DjF|$J$I$K$h$C$FFCDj$NK!Na$rL@<($7$F$$$J$$$3$H<+BN$O!"I,$:$7$b#D#S#U#6!%#2>r$K0cH?$9$k$H$O$$$($:!"%Q%M%k$O%G%e!r$NL\E*$dK\7o$K$*$1$k;vpJs$r4^$s$G$$$k$+H]$+$rH=CG$9$k(B(whether sufficient information is provided on the face of the panel request will depend on, as noted above, on whether the information provided serves the purposes of Article 6.2, and in particular its due process objective, as well as the specific circumstances of each case, including the type of measure that is at issue)(19-20)$B!"(B(iii)$BJF9q$N%Q%M%k@_CVMW@A$O!"LdBj$H$J$C$F$$$kK!Na$N?t$dFbMF$K$D$$$F$+$J$jITL@3N$G$"$j!"$H$j$o$1%G%e!r$NMW7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$k$H$O$$$($J$$(B(22-25)$B!"(B(iv)$B$J$*!"JF9q$N%Q%M%k@_CVMW@A$O!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$N#2$D$N5AL3$rL@5-$7$F$*$j!"#D#S#U#6!%#2>r$N!V?=N)$F$NK!E*:,5r$K$D$$$F$N4J7i$JMWLs$rIU$9$k!W$H$$$&MW7o$OK~$?$7$F$$$k(B(29-31)$B!"-#$NG[J,$K4X$9$k\:Y$JAp!J>pJs$NITB-$J$I!K$,$"$k$3$H$+$i!"$3$NJF9q$Nr$NMW7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$k$HG'$a$k(B(36-46)$B!"-$:G8e$K!"JF9q$N#T#R#I#M#s6(Dj#2>r$K4X$9$ke$NKG0W4XO"Ej;qAr$NMW7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$k$HG'$a$k(B(50-52)$B!#(B

$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"8e$K!"%Q%M%k@_CVMW@A$K4X$9$k7|G0$K$D$$$FJF9q$K=q4J$rAwIU$7$F$*$j!"(BThailand – H-Beams$B>e5i0QJs9p$rF'$^$($F$b!";~59$K$+$J$C$?0[5D?=N)$G$"$C$?$H$$$($k(B(55-58)$B!"-"%+%J%@$O$h$jAa$/%Q%M%k@_CVMW@A$NL@3N2=$rJF9q$K5a$a$k$3$H$,$G$-$?$+$b$7$l$J$$$,!"K\7o$K$*$$$F$OJF9q$,%+%J%@$+$i$N=q4J$KBP$7$FJVEz$7$F$$$J$$$H$$$&;v>p$bG[N8$9$Y$-$G$"$j!"%+%J%@$N9T0Y$N$_$rLdBj$H$9$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$(B(59-60)$B!#(B

$B!!%Q%M%k$N@h7hE*7hDj$rF'$^$(!"JF9q$O%Q%M%k$K#2#0#0#3G/#77n#2#1F|$^$G8!F$$rDd;_$9$k$3$H$r5a$a!"#2#0#0#3G/#67n#3#0F|$K?7$?$J%Q%M%k@_CVMW@A$rDs=P$7$?!#$3$N%Q%M%k@_CVMW@A$r(6.11)$B!#(B

 

$B#3!%(B$B>.G~$NM"=P$K4X$9$kA(Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat)

$B"($3$N%;%/%7%g%s$NG'Dj$O!"#77n%Q%M%k$NG'Dj$G$"$k(B(6.3)$B!#(B

$B!!(B$BJF9q$O!"%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NM"=P@)EY$,A4BN$H$7$F$+$D$=$l<+BN$,#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(a)$B5Z$S(B(b)$B$KH?$7$F$$$k(B (the United States is making a per se challenge to the CWB Export Regime viewed in its entirety)$B!"$^$?(B$B%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NM"=P@)EY$K4p$E$/M"=P$OI,A3E*$K!W#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(a)$B5Z$S(B(b)$B$KH?$9$k7k2L$H$J$k(B(necessarily results in CWB export sales which are not in accordance with the standards set forth in Article XVII:1(a) and (b))$B$H(6.24-28)$B!#(B

$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(a)$B5Z$S(B(b)$B$N0UL#$K$D$$$F!"r(B(a)$B$O!"2CLA9q$,!VLsB+$9$k(B(undertake)$B!W$H5,Dj$7$F$$$k$3$H$+$i2CLA9q$KK!E*5AL3$r2]$7$?$b$N$G$"$j!"9q2HKG0W4k6H$,1&5,Dj$KH?$7$F3hF0$9$k>l9g$K$O$=$N$h$&$J9q2HKG0W4k6H$r@_N)$b$7$/$O0];}$7$F$$$k2CLA9q$O$=$l<+BN$K$h$j(B(ipso facto)$B#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(a)$B$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H$_$J$5$l$k(B(6.34-44)$B!"-"#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(a)$B$N!VM"F~Kt$OM"=P$K$D$$$F$N@/I\$NAr$N:G7C9qBT6x5AL3$r4^$`$3$H!"$^$?#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r$NCm&6H>e$NM}M3$GM"=P@h$K$h$C$F0[(B$B$J$k2A3J$r$D$1$k$3$H$O#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1!%#1>r0cH?$H$J$i$J$$$3$H$rG'$a$k(B(6.48-49)$B!"-#N>Ev;v9q$O!"#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$,(B(a)$B$H$OFHN)$N5AL3$r2]$7$F$$$k$+$K$D$$$FAh$C$F$$$k$,!"0J2<$G=R$Y$k$h$&$K%Q%M%k$O%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NM"=P@)EY$,!V>&6H>e$N9MN8!W$K=>$C$F$$$J$$$H$NJF9q$N(b)$B$N2r(6.58-59)$B!"-$#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$N8eH>ItJ,$O!"$=$NJ88@5Z$SJ8L.$+$i!"9q2HKG0W4k6H$N@=IJ$r9XF~$7$h$&$H$9$kB>$N2CLA9q$N4k6H$KBP$7!"DL>o$N>&47=,$K=>$C$F9XF~Kt$OHNGd$K;22C$9$k$?$a$K6%Ah$9$kE,Ev$J5!2q$rM?$($k$3$H$r9q2HKG0W4k6H$K5AL3IU$1$F$$$k$N$G$"$C$F!"9q2HKG0W4k6H$N@=IJ$rHNGd$7$h$&$H$9$kB>$N2CLA9q4k6H$K5AL3$r2]$9$b$N$G$O$J$$!"$7$?$,$C$F9q2HKG0W4k6H$N@=IJ$rHNGd$7$h$&$H$9$kB>$N2CLA9q4k6H$K$D$$$F$N$_LdBj$H$7$F$$$kJF9q$N#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B8eH>ItJ,$K4X$9$k(6.66-73)$B!"-%#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$BA0H>ItJ,$N!V>&6HE*9MN8!W$H$O!"$=$NJ88@5Z$SJ8L.$h$j!">&6H5Z$SKG0W$K4X$9$k9MN8Kt$OGdGc$r%S%8%M%9>e$N;vJA$H$7$F$N$_9MN8$9$k$3$H(B(considerations pertaining to commerce and trade, or considerations which involve regarding purchases or sales $B!H(Bas mere matters of business$B!I(B)$B$r0UL#$7!"9q2HKG0W4k6H$N9T$&GdGc$O7P:QE*$KMx1W$N@8$8$k$b$N$G$J$1$l$P$J$i$:(B(economically advantageous)$B!"9XF~&6HE*9MN8$N$_$K=>$C$?GdGc$G$"$k$H$O$$$($J$$(B(6.84-89)$B!"-&JF9q$O9q2HKG0W4k6H$,$=$NGSB>E*$b$7$/$OFCJL$NFC8"$K$h$C$FB>$N!V>&6H(commercial actors)$B!W$KITMx1W$rM?$($k$3$H$O5v$5$l$J$$$Hr(B(b)$BA0H>ItJ,$O9q2HKG0W4k6H$,>&6H(6.90-101)$B!"-'0J>e$N$h$&$K!"#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$NA0H>ItJ,$O9q2HKG0W4k6H$,$=$NGSB>E*$b$7$/$OFCJL$NFC8"$K$h$C$F>&6HE*9MN80J30$N9MN8$K=>$C$FGdGc$r9T$&$3$H$r6X;_$7$F$$$k$K$9$.$:(B(privileges must not be used to make sales which are not driven exclusively by $B!H(Bcommercial considerations$B!I(B as we understand that term)$B!"$^$?>&6HE*9MN8$N$_$K=>$C$F$$$k$+H]$+$OLdBj$H$J$C$F$$$kGdGc$N>u67$N$[$+;T>l$K$*$1$k6%Ah$N@-H$i$7$FH=CG$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(must be assessed in light of the specific circumstances surrounding these sales, including the nature and extent of competition in the relevant market)(6.103)$B!#(B

$B!!%Q%M%k$O!".G~0Q0w2q$NM"=P@)EY$,#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H$NJF9q$NEv;v9q$,G'$a$F$$$k$h$&$K!"%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$O!"@>%+%J%@>.G~$NM"=PHN(B$BGd$K4X$7$F$OGSB>E*$b$7$/$OFCJL$NFC8"$r5vM?$5$l$F$$$k9q2HKG0W4k6H$G$"$j!"#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(a)$B$NE,MQBP>]$H$J$k(B(6.108)$B!"-"JF9q$O!"%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NK!E*9=@.!J@8;:>.G~$N@$3&;T>l$K$*$1$kHNGdB%?J!"!V9gM}E*$J!W2A3J@_Dj$K$h$jMx1W$h$k<}F~$N:GBg2=!K!"$5$i$KFC8"$K$h$j!"%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$K$O>&6HE*$G$J$$J}K!$G;T>l$r:9JL$9$k%$%s%;%s%F%#%V$,@8$8$F$$$k$H.G~0Q0w2q$NK!E*9=@.5Z$SG$L3$K$h$j>&6HE*$G$J$$J}K!$GHNGd$r9T$&%$%s%;%s%F%#%V$,@8$8$F$$$k$H$O$$$($J$$(B(6.121-135)$B!"-#JF9q$O!"%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$,@8;:.G~$r2a>j@8;:$5$;$k%$%s%;%s%F%#%V$rM?$($F$$$k$H$b.G~2a>j@8;:$N>)Ne$OIT:nG/$KHw$($?>&6HE*9MN8$K=>$C$?$b$N$H9M$($i$l$k(B(6.136-137)$B!"-$JF9q$O$^$?!"%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$,9bIJ.G~$rDcIJ.G~$H$N6%Ah$K8+9g$&$h$&$JDc2A3J$G(B(at a discounted price in order to meet the price competition for lower quality wheat)$BHNGd$7$F$$$k$3$H$r<($9#2$D$N>Z5r$rDs=P$7$F$$$k$,!"$=$N$&$A$N#1$D!J#1#9#9#8G/$N3X=QO@J8!K$OBh#22s0U8+=q$K$*$$$F$O$8$a$FDs<($5$l$?$b$N$G;~59$K$+$J$C$FDs=P$5$l$?$b$N$G$O$J$/Kt2>$K;~59$K$+$J$C$FDs=P$5$l$F$$$?$H$7$F$bO@J8$N07$C$F$$$k;~4|$J$I$+$i>Z5r2ACM$,$"$k$H$O$$$($J$$!"$^$?$b$$D$N>Z5r!J#1#9#9#6G/$N%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$,Ds=P$7$?Js9p=q!K$+$i$b%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$,$=$N$h$&$JDc2A3JHNGd$r$KDc2A3JHNGd$r9T$C$F$$$?$H$7$F$b$=$l$,>&6HE*9MN8$N$_$K=>$C$F$$$J$$$H$O8@$$@Z$l$J$$(B(6.138-145)$B!"-%0J>e$h$j!"JF9q$O%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NM"=P@)EY$,I,A3E*$K#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(a)$B5Z$S(B(b)$B$KH?$9$k$3$H$r>ZL@$7$F$$$J$$(B(6.149)$B!#(B

 

$B#4!%M"F~9rJ*$N(Measures Affecting the Treatment of Imported Grain)

$B"($3$N%;%/%7%g%s$NG'Dj$O!"#37n%Q%M%k$H#77n%Q%M%k$N6&DL$NG'Dj$G$"$k!J#37n%Q%M%k$H#77n%Q%M%k$OF10l$NG'Dj$r9T$C$?$H$5$l$F$$$k!K(B(6.3)$B!#(B

$B!!JF9q$O!"%+%J%@$NM"F~9rJ*$Nr5Z$S#T#R#I#M#s6(Dj#2>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H(6.152)$B!#(B

$B#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#3!%#4>r(B

$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#3!%#4>r$N0UL#5Z$SE,MQBP>]$K$D$$$F!"Korea – Various Measures on Beef$B>e5i0QJs9p$K$h$l$P!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#3!%#4>r0cH?$rG'Dj$9$k$?$a$K$O0J2<$N#3E@$,N)>Z$5$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!"$9$J$o$A(B(i)$B$"$k@/I\A(the imported products that are allegedly treated less favourably by a particular governmental measure must be "like" the domestic products that are said to enjoy better treatment)$B!"(B(ii)$BLdBj$H$J$C$F$$$k@/I\A(the governmental measure at issue must be a law, regulation or requirement affecting the internal sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use of the imported products)$B!"(B(iii)$BEv3:@/I\A(the application of the governmental measure must result in less favourable treatment of the imported products vis-à-vis the like domestic products)(6.156)$B!"-"%+%J%@$OBP>]A(imported)$B!W;:IJ$G$O$J$/!VM"AwCf$N(B(in transition)$B!W;:IJ$KE,MQ$5$l$k$b$N$G$"$j!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#3!%#4>r$OE,MQ$5$l$J$$$Hr$O!VM"F~$5$l$?!W;:IJ$K$N$_E,MQ$5$l$k$b$N$G$"$k$,!"2>$KK\7oAr$OE,MQ$5$l$&$k(B(If the relevant measures apply to "imported" grain, then the possibility that the same measures might also apply to grain "in transit" would not, in the Panel's view, remove those measures from the scope of Article III:4)(6.157-158)$B!#(B

$B%+%J%@9rJ*K!#5#7>r(B(c)

$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"r(B(c)$B$=$N$b$N$,#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#3!%#4>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$HG'$a$?!#-!F1(like products)$B$K$D$$$F!"(BArgentina – Hides and Leather$B%Q%M%kJs9p$d(BUS – FSC (Article 21.5 – EC)$B%Q%M%kJs9p$K$h$l$P!"86;:CO$N0c$$$N$_$K4p$E$-0[$J$kBT6x$rM?$($F$$$k>l9g$K$O!"?=N)9q$O$"$k;:IJ$rFCDj$7$=$N;:IJ$NF1Z$9$kI,MW$OI,$:$7$b$J$/!"0[$J$kBT6x$rM?$($i$l$kF1Z$9$l$P==J,$G$"$k(B($B!D(Bwhere a difference in treatment between domestic and imported products is based exclusively on the products' origin, the complaining party need not necessarily identify specific domestic and imported products and establish their likeness in terms of the traditional criteria -- that is, the physical properties, end-uses and consumers' tastes and habits.  Instead, it is sufficient for the purposes of satisfying the "like product" requirement, to demonstrate that there can or will be domestic and imported products that are like)$B!"K\7o$K$*$$$F!"M"F~9rJ*$K$D$$$F$N$_%5%$%mHBF~$N5v2D$rF@$k$3$H$r5AL3IU$1$F$$$k%+%J%@9rJ*K!#5#7>r(B(c)$B$O!"F1(domestic grain that is like foreign grain would not be subject to Section 57(c).  Indeed, even domestic grain that is identical to foreign grain in all respects except for origin would not be subject to the authorization requirement contained in Section 57(c))$B!"K\7o$K$*$$$F#G#A#T#T#3!%#4>r$NF1(6.163-167)$B!"-"9qFb$NN.DL!&M"Aw$K1F6A$rM?$($kA(measures affecting internal distribution and/or transportation)$B$K$D$$$F!"%+%J%@$O9rJ*%P%k%/%O%s%I%j%s%0%7%9%F%`$r!VN.DL7PO)!W$H0LCV$E$1$F$*$j!"%P%k%/%O%s%I%j%s%0%7%9%F%`$X$N%"%/%;%9$KD>@\1F6A$rM?$($k9rJ*K!#5#7>r(B(c)$B$O9qFb$NN.DL$K1F6A$rM?$($kAr(B(c)$B$O%+%J%@$K!VM"F~$5$l$?!W;:IJ$KE,MQ$5$l$k$H$$$($k(B(6.170-173)$B!"-#ITMx$JBT6x(B(less favourable treatment)$B$K$D$$$F!"M"F~;:IJ$KBP$7$FF1(the imposition of additional, or extra, requirements on imported products as compared to like domestic products)$B!"M"F~9rJ*$NF1(adversely affect the competitive opportunities of imported grain vis-à-vis like domestic grain)$B!"$7$?$,$C$FM"F~9rJ*$KITMx$JBT6x$rM?$($F$$$k$H$$$(!"$3$NE@9rJ*K!#5#7>r(B(c)$B$O5v2D?=@A$,L@J8$G$O5,Dj$5$l$F$$$J$$ITL@3N$J>r7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$k>l9g$K8B$j5v2D$rM?$($FM"F~9rJ*$N%5%$%m$X$NHBF~$rG'$a$k0lJ}!"9q;:9rJ*$KBP$7$F$O$=$N$h$&$J5v2D$r5a$a$F$*$i$:!"M"F~9rJ*$KBP$7$FITMx$JBT6x$rM?$($F$$$k$H$$$($k!"$^$?!"#5#7>r(B(c)$B$O5v2D$rF@$F$$$J$$9rJ*$NHBF~$r6X$8$F$$$k$3$H$+$i5AL3E*$JAe$h$j!"%+%J%@9rJ*K!#5#7>r(B(c)$B$=$l<+BN$,#G#A#T#T#3!%#4>r$K0c(B$BH?$7$F$$$k$H9M$($i$l$k(B(6.181-187)$B!"-$%+%J%@$K$h$k!"#5#7>r(B(c)$B$OM"F~9rJ*$H9q;:9rJ*$H$N6%Ah>r7o$K1F6A$rM?$($F$$$J$$$H$N93J[!J(B(i)$B5v2D(ii)$B6H(iii)$B$3$l$^$G0l4S$7$F5v2D$OM?$($i$l$F$-$?!"(B(iv)$BEv6I$O>o$K5v2D$rM?$($k:[NL$rM-$7$F$$$k!"(B(v)$B;vA0$KJq3gE*$J5v2D$rr(B(c)$B$,0[$J$kBT6x$rM?$($F$$$k$H$7$F$b$=$l$OITMx$JBT6x$H$O$$$($J$$$H$N93J[!"%P%k%/%O%s%I%j%s%0%7%9%F%`$r7PM3$7$J$$$h$jM-Mx$JN.DL7PO)$bB8:_$7$F$$$k$H$N93J[$O!"$$$:$l$bG'$a$i$l$J$$(B(6.190-193,196-197, 199-200, 202-203, 205-207, 209-210, 213)$B!#(B

$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"r(B(c)$B$N#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#3!%#4>r0cH?$O!"#G#A#T#T#2#0>r(B(d)$B$K$h$C$F$b@5Ev2=$5$l$J$$$H7kO@$7$?!#-!K\7oAr(B(d)$B$K$h$C$F@5Ev2=$9$k$?$a$K$O!"K\7oA(d)$B$NArCl=q$-$NMW7o$rK~$?$9$3$H$,I,MW$G$"$k(B