WT/DS276/AB/R

30 August 2004

Canada – Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of Imported Grain

Report of the Appellate Body

 

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John Lockhart (Presiding Member)

Georges Abi-Saab

Yasuhei Taniguchi

 

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$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(a)$B5Z$S(B(b)$B$K4X$9$k%Q%M%k$NJ,@O%"%W%m!<%A!J?3::$N=g=x!K$K$D$$$F!"eAJ$rB`$1$?!#-!%+%J%@$O!"%Q%M%k$,#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(a)$B$r?3::$;$:$K(B(b)$B$K4p$E$/JF9q$N(107)$B!"-"#2$D$N5,Dj$N?3::$K5AL3E*$J=g=x$,$"$k$+H]$+$O$=$l$i$N5,Dj$N4X78$N@-(it is the nature of the relationship between two provisions that will determine whether there exists a mandatory sequence of analysis which, if not followed, would amount to an error of law)(109)$B!"-##G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r$N(B(a)$B$H(B(b)$B$K$D$$$F!">e=R$7$?$h$&$KDL>o%Q%M%k$ON>5,Dj$r6&$KE,MQ$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!"$^$?(B(b)$B$O!"(B(a)$B$N0UL#$G$N:9JLE*9T0Y$KAjEv$9$k9T0Y$,#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r$K@09gE*$HG'$a$i$l$k$?$a$N#2$D$N>r7o$r5,Dj$7$F$$$k$,!"(B(b)$B$N>r7o$,K~$?$5$l$F$$$k$+H]$+$r?3::$9$k$?$a$K$O$^$:L5:9JLBT6x86B'$KH?$9$k9T0Y$,2?$+$rCN$kI,MW$,$"$j(B(a panel faced with a claim of inconsistency with Article XVII:1(a) and (b) will, in most if not all cases, need to analyze and apply  both  provisions in order to assess the consistency of the measure at issue.  Subparagraph (b) sets forth two specific conditions with which an STE must comply if allegedly discriminatory conduct falling, prima facie,  within the scope of subparagraph (a) is to be found consistent with Article XVII:1.  Yet, in order to know whether the conditions in (b) are satisfied, a panel must know  what  constitutes the conduct alleged to be inconsistent with the principles of non-discriminatory treatment in the GATT 1994)$B!">/$J$/$H$bK\7o$K$*$$$F$O!"%Q%M%k$O$^$:(B(a)$B$K4p$E$-L5:9JLBT6x86B'$KH?$9$k9T0Y$,2?$+$rG'Dj$7$?8e$K(B(b)$B$N?3::$r9T$o$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(we are of the view that a failure to identify  any  conduct alleged to constitute discrimination contrary to the general principles of the GATT 1994 for governmental measures affecting imports or exports by private traders  before  undertaking an analysis of the consistency of an STE's conduct with subparagraph (b) of Article XVII:1 would constitute an error of law)(110-112)$B!"-$K\7o$K$*$$$F%Q%M%k$O!"JF9q$Nr(B(b)$B$,JL8D$N5AL3$r5,Dj$7$F$$$k$H2>Dj$7$?$&$($G(B(assuming$B!D(B)$B#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$K4X$9$kJF9q$N(a)$B$r$^$C$?$/9MN8$7$J$+$C$?$o$1$G$O$J$/!"(B(a)$B$K4p$E$-:9JLE*$H$_$J$5$l$kBT6x$,2?$+$rL@$i$+$K$7$?$&$($G(B(the Panel identified the differential treatment alleged to constitute discrimination under subparagraph (a)$B!D(B) (b)$B$NLdBj$r8!F$$7$F$$$k(B(113-122)$B!"-%0J>e$h$jK\7o$K$*$$$F$O%Q%M%k$O(a)$B$K4p$E$/?3::$r9T$C$?8e(B(b)$B$N?3::$r9T$C$F$$$k$H$$$($k$?$a!"$3$NE@$K$D$$$F$N%Q%M%k$N?3::$O8m$j$G$O$J$$(B(123-125)$B!"-&$J$*!"%Q%M%k$OJ,@O$N9=@.$d2>Dj$N@_Dj$K$D$$$F:[NL$rM-$9$k$b$N$N!"O@M}E*(panels that ignore or jump over a prior logical step of the analysis run the risk of compromising or invalidating later findings)$B!"$^$?2>Dj$rCV$/$3$H$K$h$jG'Dj$NL@3N@-$,<:$o$l$k>l9g$,$"$k$3$H$+$i!"2>Dj$rCV$/:]$K$O2?$,2>Dj$5$l$F2?$,2>Dj$K4p$E$-7kO@$5$l$?$N$+$rL@3N$+$DL@<(E*$K<($5$J$1$l$P$J$i$:(B(panels ensure that they are clear and explicit as to exactly what is assumed and what they have concluded based on these assumptions)$B!"$3$NE@K\%Q%M%k$NG'Dj$OLdBj$,$J$$$H$O$$$($J$$(B (126-130)$B!#(B

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$B#2!%#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$N2r(Interpretation of Subparagraph (b) of Article XVII:1 of the GATT 1994)

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$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"eAJ$rB`$1$?!#-!%Q%M%k$O!"!V>&6HE*9MN8!W$K$D$$$F!"4XO"$9$k!V(encompassing a range of different considerations that are defined in any given case by the type of $B!H(Bbusiness$B!I(B involved (purchases or sales), and by the economic considerations that motivate actors engaged in business in the relevant market(s))$B$H2r(140)$B!"-"%Q%M%k$O!">&6HE*$G$J$$$3$H$H@/<#E*$G$"$k$3$H$H$rF1;k$7$?$o$1$G$O$J$$(B(141-142)$B!"-#$J$*!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$BBh#1J8$K@09gE*$+H]$+$N?3::$O!"%1!<%9%P%$%1!<%9$G$+$D4XO"$9$k;T>l$r?5=E$KJ,@O$7$J$,$i9T$o$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$3$H$rIU8@$9$k(B(144-145)$B!"-$K\5,Dj$K4XO"$7$F!"JF9q$O#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$BBh#1J8$K$h$l$P9q2HKG0W4k6H$O>&6H(commercial actors)$B$KITMx$H$J$k$h$&$KFCJL$NFC8"$rMQ$$$F$O$J$i$J$$$H(146-151)$B!#(B

$B!!JF9q$O!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$N!VB>$N2CLA9q$N4k6H(B(enterprises of the other [Members])$B!W$K$D$$$F$N%Q%M%k$N2reAJ$7$F$$$?!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"eAJ$rB`$1$?!#-!#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$N!VA05-$N9XF~Kt$OHNGd$K;22C$9$k(B(compete for participation in such purchases or sales)$B!W$O!"(purchases and sales transactions where: (i) one of the parties involved in the transaction is an STE; and (ii) the transaction involves imports to or exports from the Member maintaining the STE)$B$r0UL#$7!"F15,Dj$O9q2HKG0W4k6H$N6%AhAj$B$G$O$J$/(B$B (the requirement to afford an adequate opportunity to compete for participation $B!D(B in $B!H(Bsuch$B!I(B purchases and sales must refer to the opportunity to become the STE$B!G(Bs counterpart in the transaction, not to an opportunity to replace the STE as a participant in the transaction)$B!"$7$?$,$C$F!"9q2HKG0W4k6H$,Gd$j(in transactions involving two parties, one of whom is an STE seller, the word $B!H(Benterprises$B!I(B in the second clause of Article XVII:1(b) can refer only to buyers)(154-157)$B!"-"K\7o%Q%M%k$O!"J6Ah2r7h$KI,MW$J8BEY$G#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$BBh#2J8$r2re5i0Q0w2q$N-!$G=R$Y$?%"%W%m!<%A$KHs>o$K6a$$$H$$$($k(B(158-161)$B!#(B

 

$B#3!%A2A(B(Assessment of the Measure)

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$B#4!%>Z5r$NI>2A(B(Assessment of Evidence)

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$B#5!%#D#S#U#6!%#2>r(B(Article 6.2 of the DSU)

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(v) $BJF9q$,%+%J%@$N#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r0cH?$rN)>Z$7$F$$$J$$$H$N#77n%Q%M%kG'Dj$r;Y;}$9$k!#(B

(b) $B#D#S#U#6!%#2>r$K4X$9$k%+%J%@$N0[5D?=$7N)$F$r5Q2<$7$J$+$C$?#37n%Q%M%k$NG'Dj$r;Y;}$7!"JF9q$N?=N)$N0lIt$,#D#S#U#6!%#2>r$NMW7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$J$$$H$N#37n%Q%M%k$N7kO@$b;Y;}$9$k!#(B

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©  2004  Yuka Fukunaga  All Rights Reserved