WT/DS276/AB/R
30
August 2004
Canada – Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of Imported
Grain
Report of the Appellate Body
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John Lockhart (Presiding Member)
Georges Abi-Saab
Yasuhei Taniguchi
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$B"(%Q%M%kJs9p$K$D$$$F$O!"(B$B%Q%M%kJs9pJ,@O(B$B$r;29M$K$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
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$B>e5i0Q0w2qJs9p$NJ,@O!J(B()$BFb$N?t;z$OCJMnHV9f!K(B
r$NBP>]HO0O(B>$B#1!%#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r$N(B(a)$B$H(B(b)$B$H$N4X78(B(Relationship Between Subparagraphs (a) and (b) of the GATT 1994)
$B!!%+%J%@$O!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r$N(B(a)$B$H(B(b)$B$H$N4X78$K$D$$$F$N%Q%M%k$N2reAJ$7$F$$$?!#(B
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O$^$:!"#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r$N(B(a)$B$H(B(b)$B$H$N4X78$K$D$$$F!"r(B(a)$B$O9q2HKG0W4k6H$r@_N)$70];}$9$k8"Mx$rG'$a$k0lJ}$G$=$N:]$K2CLA9q$,Ii$&$Y$-5AL3$r5,Dj$7$F$$$k!"B>J}#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$N!V(B(a)$B$N5,Dj$O!"(B$BA05-$N(B$B4k6H$,!"!D(B$B$rMW5a$9$k$b$N$HN;2r$5$l$k(B(The provisions of sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph shall be
understood to require that such enterprise shall$B!D(B)$B!W$H$NJ88@$h$j!"(B(b)$B$O(B(a)$B$NIU?oE*5,Dj$G(B (a)$B$NL5:9JLMW7o$NHO0O$rL@$i$+$K$9$k$?$a$N5,Dj$G$"$j(B(the remainder of subparagraph (b) is dependent upon the content of
subparagraph (a), and operates to clarify the scope of the requirement not to
discriminate in subparagraph (a))$B!"JL8D$NFHN)$7$?5AL3$r2]$9$b$N$G$O$J$$$H2r$5$l$k(B(subparagraph (b) $B!D(B is dependent upon, rather than separate and
independent from, subparagraph (a)) (84-91)$B!J6/D4$O86J8$I$*$j!K!"-"JF9q$O(B(b)$B$,JL8D$N5AL3$r2]$7$F$$$k$Hr(B(c)$B$d#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#3>rA0H>ItJ,$O(B(b)$B$,JL8D$N5AL3$r2]$7$F$$$k$3$H$N:,5r$H$O$J$i$:!"$^$?#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r$NCmr8eH>ItJ,$J$I$+$i$O(B(a)$B$H(B(b)$B$,$"$o$;$FL5:9JLMW7o$r2]$7$F$$$k$H2r$9$Y$-$G$"$k(B(92-99)$B!"-#JF9q$,JL$N:,5r$H$7$F5s$2$F$$$k(BKorea – Various Measures on Beef$B%Q%M%kJs9p$b!"$^$?%+%J%@$,1gMQ$7$F$$$k(BCanada – FIRA$B%Q%M%kJs9p$b!">e=R$7$?8+2r$K0lCW$7$F$$$k(B(101-105)$B!"-$0J>e$h$j!"9q2HKG0W4k6H$NLdBj$r8!F$$9$k%Q%M%k$O#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r$N(principal obligation)$B$r5,Dj$9$k(B(a)$B$N8!F$$+$i$O$8$a$J$1$l$P$J$i$:!"$^$?DL>o$O(B(a)$B5Z$S(B(b)$B$r6&$K2re$G#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r0cH?$rG'Dj$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(because both subparagraphs (a) and (b) define the scope of that
non-discrimination obligation, we would expect that panels, in most if not all
cases, would not be in a position to make any finding of violation of Article
XVII:1 until they have properly interpreted and applied both provisions)(106)$B!#(B
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(a)$B5Z$S(B(b)$B$K4X$9$k%Q%M%k$NJ,@O%"%W%m!<%A!J?3::$N=g=x!K$K$D$$$F!"eAJ$rB`$1$?!#-!%+%J%@$O!"%Q%M%k$,#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(a)$B$r?3::$;$:$K(B(b)$B$K4p$E$/JF9q$N(107)$B!"-"#2$D$N5,Dj$N?3::$K5AL3E*$J=g=x$,$"$k$+H]$+$O$=$l$i$N5,Dj$N4X78$N@-(it is the nature of the relationship between two provisions that
will determine whether there exists a mandatory sequence of analysis which, if
not followed, would amount to an error of law)(109)$B!"-##G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r$N(B(a)$B$H(B(b)$B$K$D$$$F!">e=R$7$?$h$&$KDL>o%Q%M%k$ON>5,Dj$r6&$KE,MQ$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!"$^$?(B(b)$B$O!"(B(a)$B$N0UL#$G$N:9JLE*9T0Y$KAjEv$9$k9T0Y$,#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r$K@09gE*$HG'$a$i$l$k$?$a$N#2$D$N>r7o$r5,Dj$7$F$$$k$,!"(B(b)$B$N>r7o$,K~$?$5$l$F$$$k$+H]$+$r?3::$9$k$?$a$K$O$^$:L5:9JLBT6x86B'$KH?$9$k9T0Y$,2?$+$rCN$kI,MW$,$"$j(B(a panel faced with a claim of inconsistency with
Article XVII:1(a) and (b) will, in most if not all cases, need to analyze
and apply both provisions
in order to assess the consistency of the measure at issue. Subparagraph (b) sets forth two specific
conditions with which an STE must comply if allegedly discriminatory conduct
falling, prima facie,
within the scope of subparagraph (a) is to be found consistent with Article
XVII:1. Yet, in order to know
whether the conditions in (b) are satisfied, a panel must know what constitutes the conduct
alleged to be inconsistent with the principles of non-discriminatory treatment
in the GATT 1994)$B!">/$J$/$H$bK\7o$K$*$$$F$O!"%Q%M%k$O$^$:(B(a)$B$K4p$E$-L5:9JLBT6x86B'$KH?$9$k9T0Y$,2?$+$rG'Dj$7$?8e$K(B(b)$B$N?3::$r9T$o$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(we are of the view that a failure to identify any
conduct alleged to constitute discrimination contrary to the general
principles of the GATT 1994 for governmental measures affecting imports or
exports by private traders before undertaking an analysis of the
consistency of an STE's conduct with subparagraph (b)
of Article XVII:1 would constitute an error of law)(110-112)$B!"-$K\7o$K$*$$$F%Q%M%k$O!"JF9q$Nr(B(b)$B$,JL8D$N5AL3$r5,Dj$7$F$$$k$H2>Dj$7$?$&$($G(B(assuming$B!D(B)$B#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$K4X$9$kJF9q$N(a)$B$r$^$C$?$/9MN8$7$J$+$C$?$o$1$G$O$J$/!"(B(a)$B$K4p$E$-:9JLE*$H$_$J$5$l$kBT6x$,2?$+$rL@$i$+$K$7$?$&$($G(B(the Panel identified the differential treatment alleged to
constitute discrimination under subparagraph (a)$B!D(B) (b)$B$NLdBj$r8!F$$7$F$$$k(B(113-122)$B!"-%0J>e$h$jK\7o$K$*$$$F$O%Q%M%k$O(a)$B$K4p$E$/?3::$r9T$C$?8e(B(b)$B$N?3::$r9T$C$F$$$k$H$$$($k$?$a!"$3$NE@$K$D$$$F$N%Q%M%k$N?3::$O8m$j$G$O$J$$(B(123-125)$B!"-&$J$*!"%Q%M%k$OJ,@O$N9=@.$d2>Dj$N@_Dj$K$D$$$F:[NL$rM-$9$k$b$N$N!"O@M}E*(panels that
ignore or jump over a prior logical step of the analysis run the risk of
compromising or invalidating later findings)$B!"$^$?2>Dj$rCV$/$3$H$K$h$jG'Dj$NL@3N@-$,<:$o$l$k>l9g$,$"$k$3$H$+$i!"2>Dj$rCV$/:]$K$O2?$,2>Dj$5$l$F2?$,2>Dj$K4p$E$-7kO@$5$l$?$N$+$rL@3N$+$DL@<(E*$K<($5$J$1$l$P$J$i$:(B(panels ensure that
they are clear and explicit as to exactly what is assumed and what they have
concluded based on these assumptions)$B!"$3$NE@K\%Q%M%k$NG'Dj$OLdBj$,$J$$$H$O$$$($J$$(B
(126-130)$B!#(B
$B!!%+%J%@$O!"%Q%M%k$,#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(a)$B$H(B(b)$B$H$N4X78$r?3::$7$J$+$C$?$3$H$OAJ>Y7P:Q$N8m$C$?E,MQ$G$"$k$H$7$F!"AJ>Y7P:Q$NE,MQ$K$D$$$F>r7oIU>eAJ$r9T$C$F$$$?(B(131)$B!#>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"%Q%M%k$,AJ>Y7P:Q$rE,MQ$7$F#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(a)$B$H(B(b)$B$H$N4X78$r?3::$7$J$+$C$?$o$1$G$O$J$$$H$7$F!"%+%J%@$N>eAJ$rB`$1$?(B(132-134)$B!#(B
$B#2!%#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$N2r(Interpretation of Subparagraph (b) of Article XVII:1 of the GATT
1994)
$B!!JF9q$O!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$N!V>&6HE*9MN8!W$K$D$$$F$N%Q%M%k$N2r(non-political)$B9MN8!W$H2reAJ$7$F$$$?!#(B
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"eAJ$rB`$1$?!#-!%Q%M%k$O!"!V>&6HE*9MN8!W$K$D$$$F!"4XO"$9$k!V(encompassing a range of different considerations that are defined
in any given case by the type of $B!H(Bbusiness$B!I(B involved (purchases or sales), and
by the economic considerations that motivate actors engaged in business in the
relevant market(s))$B$H2r(140)$B!"-"%Q%M%k$O!">&6HE*$G$J$$$3$H$H@/<#E*$G$"$k$3$H$H$rF1;k$7$?$o$1$G$O$J$$(B(141-142)$B!"-#$J$*!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$BBh#1J8$K@09gE*$+H]$+$N?3::$O!"%1!<%9%P%$%1!<%9$G$+$D4XO"$9$k;T>l$r?5=E$KJ,@O$7$J$,$i9T$o$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$3$H$rIU8@$9$k(B(144-145)$B!"-$K\5,Dj$K4XO"$7$F!"JF9q$O#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$BBh#1J8$K$h$l$P9q2HKG0W4k6H$O>&6H(commercial actors)$B$KITMx$H$J$k$h$&$KFCJL$NFC8"$rMQ$$$F$O$J$i$J$$$H(146-151)$B!#(B
$B!!JF9q$O!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$N!VB>$N2CLA9q$N4k6H(B(enterprises of the other [Members])$B!W$K$D$$$F$N%Q%M%k$N2reAJ$7$F$$$?!#(B
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"eAJ$rB`$1$?!#-!#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$N!VA05-$N9XF~Kt$OHNGd$K;22C$9$k(B(compete for participation in such purchases or sales)$B!W$O!"(purchases and sales transactions where: (i)
one of the parties involved in the transaction is an STE; and (ii) the
transaction involves imports to or exports from the Member maintaining the STE)$B$r0UL#$7!"F15,Dj$O9q2HKG0W4k6H$N6%AhAj$B$G$O$J$/(B$B
(the requirement to afford an adequate opportunity to compete
for participation $B!D(B in $B!H(Bsuch$B!I(B purchases and sales must refer to the opportunity
to become the STE$B!G(Bs counterpart in the transaction, not
to an opportunity to replace the STE as a participant in the transaction)$B!"$7$?$,$C$F!"9q2HKG0W4k6H$,Gd$j(in transactions involving two parties, one of whom is an STE
seller, the word $B!H(Benterprises$B!I(B in the second clause of Article XVII:1(b) can
refer only to buyers)(154-157)$B!"-"K\7o%Q%M%k$O!"J6Ah2r7h$KI,MW$J8BEY$G#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$BBh#2J8$r2re5i0Q0w2q$N-!$G=R$Y$?%"%W%m!<%A$KHs>o$K6a$$$H$$$($k(B(158-161)$B!#(B
$B#3!%A2A(B(Assessment of the Measure)
$B!!JF9q$O!"%Q%M%k$,%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NM"=P@)EY$NMWAG$N0lIt!J%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NGSB>E*$b$7$/$OFCJL$NFC8"!K$rI>2A$7$F$$$J$$$H$7$F>eAJ$7$F$$$?!#!!0lJ}%+%J%@$O!"$3$NLdBj$O#D#S#U#1#1>r$K4p$E$/
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"eAJ$rB`$1$?!#-!%Q%M%k$O%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NFC8"$K$D$$$F==J,$KJ,@O!&I>2A$7$F$$$k(B(169-174)$B!"-"$J$*!"JF9q$O$3$NLdBj$r#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r$N2rr$K4p$E$/>eAJ$H$7$FDs5/$9$Y$-$G$"$C$?(B(175-177)$B!#(B
$B#4!%>Z5r$NI>2A(B(Assessment of Evidence)
$B!!JF9q$O!"%Q%M%k$,%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NK!E*OHAH$K4X$9$k>Z5r$N0lIt$K$D$$$F#D#S#U#1#1>r$G5a$a$i$l$F$$$k5R4QE*$JI>2A$r9T$o$J$+$C$?$H$7$F>eAJ$7$F$$$?!#(B
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"%Q%M%k$O;v(egregious error)$B!W$,$J$$8B$j$OLdBj$H$J$i$J$$!"$^$?$=$b$=$bJF9q$,==J,$JO@5r$r5s$2$F$$$J$$>l9g$b$"$C$?$J$I$H$7$F!"$3$NE@$K$D$$$F$NJF9q$N>eAJ$rB`$1$?(B(183-195)$B!#(B
$B#5!%#D#S#U#6!%#2>r(B(Article 6.2 of the DSU)
$B!!JF9q$O!"#D#S#U#6!%#2>r$NLdBj$KBP$9$k%+%J%@$N0[5D?=N)$O;~59$K$+$J$C$F$*$i$:!"#37n%Q%M%k$O$3$N?=N)$r5Q2<$9$Y$-$@$C$?$H
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"r$K$D$$$F$N0[5D?=N)$,;~59$K$+$J$C$F$$$k$+H]$+$O!"%1!<%9%P%$%1!<%9$GH=CG$9$Y$-LdBj$G$"$k(B(206)$B!"-"K\7o$K$*$$$F!"%+%J%@$N0[5D?=N)$O;~59$K$+$J$C$F$$$J$$$H$O$$$($J$$(B(207-211)$B!"-#$7$?$,$C$FJF9q$N?=N)$N0lIt$,#D#S#U#6!%#2>r$NMW7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$J$$$H$N#37n%Q%M%k$N7kO@$b;Y;}$9$k!#(B
$B>e5i0Q0w2q$N(B$B7kO@(B
$B!!0J>e$h$j!">e5i0Q0w2q$O
(a)(i) $B#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r$N(B(a)$B$H(B(b)$B$H$N4X78$K4X$9$k%Q%M%k$N2r$C$F#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$K4p$E$/%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NM"=P@)EY$K$D$$$F$N#77n%Q%M%k?3::$O8m$j$G$"$C$?$H$N%+%J%@$N
(ii) $B#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r(B(b)$B$K$D$$$F$N#77n%Q%M%k$N2r
(iii) $B#77n%Q%M%k$O%+%J%@>.G~0Q0w2q$NM"=P@)EY$NA4BN$r?3::$7$?$HG'$a$k!#(B
(iv) $B#77n%Q%M%k$OJF9q$NDs=P$7$?>Z5r$rL5;k$7$F$*$i$:$7$?$,$C$F#D#S#U#1#1>r$K$b0cH?$7$F$$$J$$$HG'$a$k!#(B
(v) $BJF9q$,%+%J%@$N#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r0cH?$rN)>Z$7$F$$$J$$$H$N#77n%Q%M%kG'Dj$r;Y;}$9$k!#(B
(b) $B#D#S#U#6!%#2>r$K4X$9$k%+%J%@$N0[5D?=$7N)$F$r5Q2<$7$J$+$C$?#37n%Q%M%k$NG'Dj$r;Y;}$7!"JF9q$N?=N)$N0lIt$,#D#S#U#6!%#2>r$NMW7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$J$$$H$N#37n%Q%M%k$N7kO@$b;Y;}$9$k!#(B
$B!!$J$*!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#3!%#4>r0cH?$K$D$$$F$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$K$D$$$F$O>eAJ$5$l$F$$$J$$$3$H$+$i!">e5i0Q0w2q$O$3$NE@$K$D$$$F$N4+9p$r9T$o$J$$!#(B
$B!!$^$?!"JF9q$O%+%J%@$N#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1#7!%#1>r0cH?$rN)>Z$7$F$$$J$$$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$r;Y;}$7$?$3$H$+$i!">e5i0Q0w2q$O#D#S#U#1#9!%#1>r$K4p$E$/$$$+$J$k4+9p$b9T$o$J$$!#(B
© 2004 Yuka Fukunaga All Rights Reserved