WT/DS268/AB/R
7 April 2005
United
States
– Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services
Report of the Appellate Body
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Giorgio Sacerdoti
(Presiding Member)
Georges Abi-Saab
John Lockhart
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$B#G#A#T#S!J%5!<%S%9$NKG0W$K4X$9$k0lHL6(Dj!'(BGeneral Agreement on Trade in Services$B!K!"#D#S#U!JJ6Ah2r7h$K78$k5,B'5Z$S; Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of
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r$NBP>]HO0O(B>$B#1!%BP>]A(Measures at Issue)
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whether $B!H(Bpractice$B!I(B may be challenged, as such, as a $B!H(Bmeasure$B!I(B in WTO dispute
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therefore, must be sufficient to identify the challenged measure and its basic
import, identify the relevant WTO provision and obligation contained therein,
and explain the basis for the claimed inconsistency of the measure with that
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Schedule; and, secondly, by identifying, with supporting evidence, how the
challenged laws constitute impermissible $B!H(Blimitations$B!I(B falling within Article
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$B#2!%#G#A#T#SLsB+I=$K$*$1$kJF9q$NFCDj$NLsB+$N2r(Interpretation of the Specific Commitments Made by the United
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$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"(Wire Act; Travel Act; Illegal Gambling Business Act)$B$O#G#A#T#S#1#6!%#1>r$H#G#A#T#S#1#6!%#2>r(B(a)$B5Z$S(B(c)$B$N5AL3$KH?$7$F$$$k$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$r;Y;}$7$?!#-!=i$a$K!"@h$K=#K!$OK\7o?3::$NBP>]$H$J$i$J$$$HG'Dj$7$?$3$H$+$i!"#G#A#T#S#1#6>r$K4X$9$k>e5i0Q0w2q$N?3::$OO"K.K!$K4X$9$kLdBj$K8BDj$5$l$k$3$H$r3NG'$9$k(B(218)$B!"-"#G#A#T#S#1#6!%#2>r(B(a)$B$N0UL#$K$D$$$F!"JF9q$OF15,Dj$N!V$H$$$&7ABV$N(B(in the form of)$B!W$H$$$&J88@$+$i!"?tNL$r@)8B$9$k!V8z2L(B(effect)$B!W$r;}$D$K$H$I$^$kA]$H$O$J$i$J$$$H(form)$B!W$H$$$&8@MU$OI}9-$$0UL#$r4^$s$G$*$j!"F15,Dj$NMWE@$O@)8B$N!V7ABV!W$G$O$J$/@)8B$N(B$B?tE*(B$B$^$?$O(B$BNLE*(B$B@-(it is clear that the thrust of sub-paragraph (a) is not on the
form of limitations, but on their numerical, or quantitative,
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provision covered certain types of limitations, but did not feel the need to
clearly demarcate the scope of each such element. On the contrary, there is
scope for overlap between such elements)$B!"NLE*$J@-l%"%/%;%9$KBP$9$k@)8B$rBP>]$H$7$F$*$j(B(all types of limitations in sub-paragraph (c) are quantitative in
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$B#4!%#G#A#T#S#1#4>r!'0lHLE*Nc30(B(Article XIV of the GATS: General Exceptions)
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"(Wire Act; Travel Act; Illegal Gambling Business Act)$B$O#G#A#T#S#1#4>r(B(a)$B$NAr$NCl=q$-MW7o$rK~$?$9$3$H$,N)>Z$5$l$F$*$i$:!"=>$C$FF1>r$K$h$j@5Ev2=$9$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$$H7kO@$7$?!#-!$^$:!"%"%s%F%#%0%"$,!"JF9q$OBh#22s0U8+=q$^$G$O#G#A#T#S#1#4>r$NNc30$r1gMQ$7$F$*$i$:!"%Q%M%k$O$3$l$r?3::$NBP>]$H$9$Y$-$G$O$J$+$C$?$H(the principles of good faith and due process oblige a responding
party to articulate its defence promptly and clearly)$B!"$^$?Ho?=N)9q$,?=N)9q$NH?O@$N5!2q$,$J$$$h$&$J%Q%M%kr$N5AL3$KH?$7$F$$$k$H$b$$$($k(B(A panel may act inconsistently with this duty [under Article 11 of
the DSU] if it addresses a defence that a responding
party raised at such a later stage of the panel proceedings that the
complaining party had no meaningful opportunity to respond to it)$B!#K\7o$K$*$$$FJF9q$O$h$jAa$$CJ3,$G93J[$rDs5/$9$Y$-$G$"$C$?$,!"%"%s%F%#%0%"$OJF9q$,#G#A#T#S#1#4>r$r1gMQ$9$k2DG=@-$rEv=i$+$iA[Dj$7$F$*$j!"$^$?%"%s%F%#%0%"$NBh#12s0U8+=q$HBh#22s%Q%M%k2q9g$K$*$$$F$3$NLdBj$K$D$$$F5DO@$5$l$F$$$k$3$H$+$i!"K\7o$K$*$$$F%Q%M%k$,#G#A#T#S#1#4>r$N93J[$r8!F$$7$?$3$H$O#D#S#U#1#1>r0cH?$H$O$$$($J$$(B(268-276)$B!"-"%Q%M%k$O!"Ev;v9q$Nr$NMW7o$,K~$?$5$l$F$$$k$+$r8!F$$7$F$*$j!"N)>Z@UG$$K4X$9$kJF9q!"%"%s%F%#%0%"$=$l$>$l$N>eAJ$OG'$a$i$l$J$$(B(277-290)$B!"-#K\7oJF9qO"K.K!$,#G#A#T#S#1#4>r$N!V8x=0$NF;FA$NJ]8nKt$O8x$NCa=x$N0];}$N$?$a!W$NAr(B(a)$BCm$r8!F$$7$F$$$J$$$H(296-299)$B!"-$!VI,MW$J!WAr$K4X$9$k>e5i0Q0w2qJs9p$rF'$^$($k$H!"!VI,MW!W$+H]$+$O!JEv;v9q$NI>2A$+$i$O!KFHN)$7$F5R4QE*$KI>2A$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$:(B(independently and objectively assess)$B!"6qBNE*$K$O!"BP>]A2A(B(assessment of the $B!H(Brelative importance$B!I(B of the interests or values
furthered by the challenged measure)$B$7$?$&$($G!"$=$NB>$NMW0x!JFC$K!"$=$NA&$r@)8B$9$k$+$H$$$C$?MW0x!K$rHf3S9UNL$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(other factors $B!D(B are to be $B!H(Bweighed and balanced$B!I!D(B two factors,
that in most, will be relevant $B!D(B One factor is the contribution of the measure
to the realization of the ends pursued by it; the other factor is the
restrictive impact of the measure on international commerce)$B!#$5$i$K!"BP>]AH$i$7$FHf3S$N7k2L$r8!F$$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(A comparison between the challenged measure and possible
[$B!H(Breasonably available$B!I(B] alternatives should then be undertaken, and the
results of such comparison should be considered in the light of the importance
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(A) $BK\7oBP>]A
(i) $B!VA4LL6X;_!W$,BP>]A
(ii) $B%Q%M%k$,JF9qO"K.K!!J(BWire Act; Travel
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(iii) $B%Q%M%k$,JF9q=#K!$N#G#A#T#S#1#6>r@09g@-$r?3::$7$?$3$H$O8m$j$G$"$C$?!#(B
(B) $BJF9q$N#G#A#T#SLsB+I=$K4X$7$F(B
(i) $BJF9q$N#G#A#T#SLsB+I=$,ERGn%5!<%S%9$K4X$9$kFCDj$NLsB+$r4^$`$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$r!"%Q%M%k$H0[$J$kM}M3$G;Y;}$9$k!#(B
(C) $B#G#A#T#S#1#6>r$K$D$$$F(B
(i) $BERGn%5!<%S%9$N1s3VDs6!$N6X;_$,#G#A#T#S#1#6>r(B(a)$B5Z$S#1#6>r(B(c)$B$N!V@)8B!W$KAjEv$9$k$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$r;Y;}$9$k!#(B
(ii) $BJF9qO"K.K!$,#G#A#T#S#1#6!%#1>r5Z$S#G#A#T#S#1#6!%#2>r(B(a)$B5Z$S(B(c)$B$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$r;Y;}$9$k!#(B
(iii) $BJF9q=#K!$,#G#A#T#S#1#6!%#1>r5Z$S#G#A#T#S#1#6!%#2>r(B(a)$B5Z$S(B(c)$B$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$9$k!#(B
(iv) $B%5!<%S%9>CHq
(D) $B#G#A#T#S#1#4>r$K4X$7$F(B
(i) $B#G#A#T#S#1#4>r$N?3::$K4X$7$F%Q%M%k$O#D#S#U#1#1>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$J$$!#(B
(ii) $B#G#A#T#S#1#4>r(B(a)$B$K4X$9$k%Q%M%k$NN)>Z@UG$$N07$$$O8m$j$G$O$J$$!##G#A#T#S#1#4>r(B(c)$B$K4X$9$k%Q%M%k$NN)>Z@UG$$N07$$$K$D$$$F$O?3::$9$kI,MW$,$J$$!#(B
(iii) $B#G#A#T#S#1#4>r(B(a)$B$K4X$7$F!"K\7oO"K.K!$,!V8x=0$NF;FA!W$^$?$O!V8x$NCa=x!W$K4X$9$kAr(B(a)$B$NAr$K0cH?$7$F$$$J$$!#(B
(iv) $B#G#A#T#S#1#4>r(B(c)$B$K4X$7$F!"JF9q$,%"%s%F%#%0%"$H6(5D$r$7$J$+$C$?$3$H$rM}M3$H$7$FK\7oO"K.K!$,!VI,MW$J!WAr(B(a)$B$NAr(B(c)$B$NA
(v) $B#G#A#T#S#1#4>rCl=q$-$K4X$7$F!"O"K.K!E,MQ;vNc$NI=LLE*$JI>2A$K4p$E$$$FCl=q$-$NMW7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$J$$$H$7$?%Q%M%kG'Dj$OGK4~$9$k!#$?$@$7!"#I#H#A$,$"$k$K$b$+$+$o$i$:!V:9JL!WE*$J1?MQ$,$5$l$F$$$J$$$3$H$rJF9q$,N)>Z$7$F$$$J$$$3$H$+$i!"JF9q$O#G#A#T#S#1#4>rCl=q$-$NMW7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$J$$$HG'$a$k!#(B
(vi) $B#G#A#T#S#1#4>rA4BN$K4X$7$F!"%Q%M%kG'Dj$r=$@5$7!"JF9qK\7oO"K.K!$O!"#G#A#T#S#1#4>r(B(a)$B$NAr$NCl=q$-MW7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$k$3$H$,N)>Z$5$l$F$$$J$$$N$G!"#G#A#T#S#1#4>r$K$h$C$F@5Ev2=$9$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$$H7kO@$9$k!#(B
(E) $B#D#S#U#6!%#2>r$K4p$E$/r$K4p$E$/DI2CE*$Jr$H#1#6!%#2>r$N4X78$K4X$9$k
$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"#D#S#B!JJ6Ah2r7h5!4X!K$,JF9q$KBP$7$F#G#A#T#S$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$HG'Dj$5$l$?A
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