WT/DS296/AB/R

27 June 2005

United States – Countervailing Duty Investigation on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS) from Korea

Report of the Appellate Body

 

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Georges Abi-Saab (Presiding Member)

Merit E. Janow

Yasuhei Taniguchi

 

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$B#S#C#M6(Dj!JJd=u6b5Z$SAj;&AAgreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures$B!K!"#D#S#U!JJ6Ah2r7h$K78$k5,B'5Z$S; Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes$B!K(B

 

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$B#2!%#S#C#M6(Dj#1!%#1>r(B(a)(1)(iv)$B$N2r(Interpretation of Article 1.1(a)(1)(iv))

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$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"#S#C#M6(Dj#1!%#1>r(B(a)(1)(iv)$B$N!V0QBw!W$d!V;X<(!W$N0UL#$K$D$$$F!"r(B(a)(1)(iv)$B$O!"L14V5!4X$,@/I\$NBeM}$H$7$F#1!%#1>r(B(a)(1)(i)$B$+$i(B(iii)$B$K5s$2$i$l$?5!G=$r2L$?$9>l9g$rA[Dj$7$F$*$j!"$7$?$,$C$F!V0QBw!W5Z$S!V;X<(!W$H$$$&MQ8l$O!"#S#C#M6(Dj>e$N;q6bLL$G$N9W8%$,$"$k$+$rH=CG$9$k:]$K!"$"$k9T0Y$,0l8+;dE*$J$b$N$G$"$C$F$b$=$N9T0Y$r@/I\$N$b$N$H$_$J$9$3$H$,$G$-$k$h$&$J>u67$r$5$7$F$$$k(B($B!D(Bparagraph (iv) covers situations where a private body is being used as a proxy by the government to carry out one of the types of functions listed in paragraphs (i) through (iii).  Seen in this light, the terms "entrusts" and "directs" in paragraph (iv) identify the instances where seemingly private conduct may be attributable to a government for purposes of determining whether there has been a financial contribution within the meaning of the  SCM Agreement.)(106-108)$B!"-"%Q%M%k$O!V0QBw!W$r!V0QG$(B(delegation)$B!W$K!"!V;X<(!W$r!VL?Na(B(command)$B!W$KFI$_BX$($F2r(the action of giving responsibility to someone for a task or an object)$B$H$$$&0UL#$,!"$^$?!V;X<(!W$K$O2?(authority exercised over someone)$B$H$$$&0UL#$,$"$j!"$3$NE@!V0QG$!W$d!VL?Na!W$H$$$&2r(109-111)$B!"-#$5$i$K!"#S#C#M6(Dj#1!%#1>r(B(a)(1)(iv)$B$O@/I\$,L14V5!4X$rDL$8$F;q6bLL$G$N9W8%$r9T$&$3$H$K$h$j#1!%#1>r(B(a)(1)$B$N5AL3$r1*2s$9$k$3$H$rKI;_$9$k$?$a$N5,Dj(B(anti-circumvention provision)$B$G$"$j!"8D!9$N;vNc$N;v(there must be a demonstrable link between the government and the conduct of the private body)(112-116)$B!#(B

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$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"eAJ$rG'$a$?!#-!D4::Ev6I$,MQ$$$?J}K!$HF1$8J}K!$G>Z5r$r?3::$9$k(B(follow the agency$B!G(Bs approach to the examination of the evidence)$B$H$N%Q%M%k$N7hDj$O@5$7$$$,!"Z5r$r?3::$7$F$$$k(B(143)$B!"-"6qBNE*$K$O!"$^$:!">&L3>J$,>Z5r(B$BA4BN(B(totality of the evidence)$B$K0M5r$7$F7kO@$r=P$7$?$K$b$+$+$o$i$:!"%Q%M%k$O8D!9$N>Z5r$r(B$B8DJL$K(B(individually)$B?3::$7$F$$$k!#8D!9$N>Z5r$r8DJL$K?3::$9$k$3$H<+BN$OI,$:$7$b8m$j$G$O$J$$$b$N$N!"K\7o$K$*$$$F%Q%M%k$O8D!9$N>Z5r$,(B$B$=$l$N$_$G(B(viewed in isolation)$B!V0QBw!W$b$7$/$O!V;X<(!W$r>ZL@$7$F$$$k$+$r?3::$7$F$*$j!"$3$l$O>&L3>J$NMQ$$$?J}K!$HF1$8$G$O$J$$!#$3$N$h$&$J?3::$OEv6I$N7hDj$N?75,$NI>2A(B(de novo evaluation)$B$KAjEv$7!"G'$a$i$l$J$$(B(144-152)$B!"-#$5$i$K!"%Q%M%k$O>Z5rA4BN$rI>2A$9$k$H$7$D$D$b!"Z5r$NI>2A$r$^$H$a$?$K2a$.$:!">Z5r(B$BA4BN(B$B$rI>2A$7$?>l9g$K>&L3>J$,9gM}E*$KF3$-$&$k(B$B?dDj(B$B$K$D$$$F$N8!F$(B(a consideration of the inferences that might reasonably have been drawn by the USDOC on the basis of the totality of the evidence)$B$r9T$C$F$$$J$$!#D4::Ev6I$,>u67>Z5rA4BN$K0M5r$7$F$$$k:]$K$O!"%Q%M%k$O!">Z5r(B$BA4BN(B$B$r$U$^$($D$D!"8D!9$N>Z5r$rFHN)$KI>2A$7$?:]$K$O@5Ev2=$5$l$J$$$+$b$7$l$J$$?dDj$,!"8D!9$N>Z5r$N(B$BAj8_:nMQ(B$B$N7k2L$H$7$F@5Ev2=$5$l$&$k$+$b$7$l$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$r9MN8$9$k5AL3$rIi$&(B(when an investigating authority relies on the totality of circumstantial evidence, this imposes upon a panel the obligation to consider, in the context of the totality of the evidence, how the interaction of certain pieces of evidence may justify certain inferences that could not have been justified by a review of the individual pieces of evidence in isolation)$B!#K\7o%Q%M%k$O$=$N$h$&$JI>2A$r9T$C$F$$$J$$(B(153-158)$B!#(B

$B!!JF9q$O!">&L3>J$NAj;&4X@GD4::$N;qNA$K$O4^$^$l$F$$$k$,7hDj$NCf$G$O(B$B0zMQ(B$B$5$l$J$+$C$?>Z5r(B(evidence that, although contained in the record of the CVD investigation, had not been cited in the USDOC$B!G(Bs decision)$B$r%Q%M%k$,9MN8$KF~$l$J$+$C$?$3$H$KBP$7!">eAJ$7$F$$$?!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"eAJ$rG'$a$?!#-!N>Ev;v9q$,G'$a$F$$$k$h$&$K!"D4::;qNA$K4^$^$l$F$$$J$+$C$?>Z5r$K0M5r$7$FZ5r$O>/$J$/$H$bD4::;qNA$K$O4^$^$l$F$$$?(B(161)$B!"-"%Q%M%k$O!V;v8eE*$J@5Ev2=(B(ex post rationalization)$B!W$OG'$a$i$l$J$$$H$7$F$$$k$,!"2?$r:,5r$K$=$N$h$&$JG'Dj$r9T$C$F$$$k$+ITL@$G$"$k$7!"4Z9q$,1gMQ$7$F$$$k#S#C#M6(Dj#2#2!%#5>r$b$9$Y$F$N>Z5r$r7hDj$NCf$G0zMQ$9$k$3$H$r5AL3IU$1$k$b$N$G$O$J$$(B(162-164)$B!#(B

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$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"eAJ$rG'$a!"%Q%M%k$O#D#S#U#1#1>r$N5AL3$KH?$7$F$$$k$H7kO@$7$?!#-!%Q%M%k$O>&L3>J$ND4::;qNA$K4^$^$l$k>Z5r$K$N$_0M5r$G$-$k$3$H$OG'$a$F$*$j!"$3$3$G$NLdBj$O$`$7$mD4::;qNA$K4^$^$l$k>Z5r$N(B$BI>2A(B$B$NBEEv@-$G$"$k(B(174)$B!"-"(BUS – Cotton Yarn$B>e5i0QJs9p$K$h$l$P!"D4::Ev6I$,D4::;~$K9gM}E*$KCN$j$($J$+$C$?;v($B!D(Ba panel may not fault the agency for failing to take into account facts that it could not reasonably have known)$B!"$7$?$,$C$F%Q%M%k$N?3::$OD4::;qNA$K4^$^$l$k>Z5r$+$iG'<1$7$($?$O$:$N;v(A panel must therefore limit its examination to the facts that the agency should have discerned from the evidence on record)(175)$B!"-#K\7o%Q%M%k$ND4::;qNA$K4^$^$l$k>Z5r$NI>2A$OBEEv$G$O$J$+$C$?(B(176-179)$B!#(B

$B!!JF9q$O!"%Q%M%k$N?3::4p=`!J;v$BE,MQ(B(application)$B$O#D#S#U#1#1>r$N5AL3$KH?$7$F$$$k$H

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"r$N5AL3$KH?$7$F$$$k$HG'$a$?!#-!#D#S#U#1#1>r5Z$S#S#C#M6(Dj#1#2!%#2>r!"#1#9!%#1>r!"#2#2!%#5>r$+$i!"D4::Ev6I$NJd=u6b$K4X$9$k7hDj$r?3::$9$k%Q%M%k$,9T$&$Y$-!V5R4QE*I>2A!W$O!"Ev6I$,0J2<$NE@$K$D$-:,5r$K4p$E$/E,@Z$J@bL@$r9T$C$F$$$k$+H]$+$N?3::$K4p$E$$$F9T$o$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#$9$J$o$A(B(i)$BD4::;qNA$N>Z5r$,G!2?$KEv6I$N;v(ii)$B$=$N;v(we are of the view that the "objective assessment" to be made by a panel reviewing an investigating authority's subsidy determination will be informed by an examination of whether the agency provided a reasoned and adequate explanation as to:  (i) how the evidence on the record supported its factual findings;  and (ii) how those factual findings supported the overall subsidy determination.)$B!#$5$i$K!"$=$N$h$&$J@bL@$O8x3+$5$l$?7hDj$=$N$b$N$+$iG'<1$7$&$k$Y$-$G$"$k(B(Such explanation should be discernible from the published determination itself.)$B!#;vZ5r$+$i9gM}E*$KF3$-=P$7$&$kJL$N@bL@$H!"$^$?$J$<$=$N$h$&$J@bL@$rMQ$$$J$+$C$?$N$+$NM}M3$H$rL@$i$+$K$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(The explanation provided by the investigating authority—with respect to its factual findings as well as its ultimate subsidy determination—should also address alternative explanations that could reasonably be drawn from the evidence, as well as the reasons why the agency chose to discount such alternatives in coming to its conclusions.)(182-186)$B!"-"$5$i$K%Q%M%k$O!"%Q%M%k$G$"$l$PJL$N7kO@$KC#$7$?$O$:$@$H$$$&M}M3$N$_$GEv6I$N7hDj$rHsFq$9$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$$7(B(A panel may not reject an agency's conclusions simply because the panel would have arrived at a different outcome if it were making the determination itself)$B!"D4::Ev6I$N>Z5r<}=8$NITHw$K4X$9$kZ5r$K8BDj$7$F?3::$r9T$o$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(in the absence of an allegation that the agency failed to investigate sufficiently or to collect certain information, a panel must limit its examination to the evidence that was before the agency during the course of the investigation, and must take into account all such evidence submitted by the parties to the dispute.(footnote omitted))(187)$B!"-#0J>e$N$h$&$K!"Jd=u6bG'Dj$r?3::$9$k%Q%M%k$OK\MhD4::Ev6I$,0M5r$7$?>Z5r$d@bL@$,Ev6I$N7kO@$r;Y;}$7$F$$$k$+H]$+$r?3::$9$Y$-(B(a panel examining the evidentiary basis for a subsidy determination should, on the basis of the record evidence before the panel, inquire whether the evidence and explanation relied on by the investigating authority reasonably supports its conclusions)$B$H$3$m!"K\7o%Q%M%k$OEv6I$NMQ$$$?>Z5r$K4p$E$-?75,$N8+D>$7(B(de novo review)$B$r9T$C$F$*$j!"$^$?%Q%M%k$OD4::;qNA$K4^$^$l$F$$$?>Z5r$rK!E*:,5r$J$/8!F$$NBP>]$+$i=|30$7$F$$$k(B(188-189)$B!#(B

 

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"#S#C#M6(Dj#1!%#1>r(B(a)(1)(iv)$B$N2re5-G'Dj$H!">&L3>J$,MQ$$$?>Z5r$K$D$$$F$N%Q%M%k?3::$K4X$9$k>e5-G'Dj$H$rF'$^$(!">&L3>J$N!V0QBw!W$b$7$/$O!V;X<(!W$K4X$9$kG'Dj$,#S#C#M6(Dj#1!%#1>r(B(a)(1)(iv)$B$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H$N%Q%M%kG'Dj$rGK4~$7$?(B(192-193)$B!#(B

$B!!>e5i0Q0w2q$O!"JL$NM}M3$GJF9q$N#S#C#M6(Dj#1!%#1>r(B(a)(1)(iv)$B$rG'Dj$7$&$k$+$K$D$$$F!"K\7o$K$*$$$FJF9q$N#S#C#M6(Dj#1!%#1>r(B(a)(1)(iv)$B@09g@-$rH=CG$9$k$K$O$5$^$6$^$J;ve5i0Q0w2q$O$=$N$h$&$JG'Dj$r9T$&$Y$-$G$O$J$$$H$7$F!"#S#C#M6(Dj#1!%#1>r(B(a)(1)(iv)$B@09g@-$K$D$$$F:G=*E*$JH=CG$O9T$o$J$$$H=R$Y$?(B(we do not complete the analysis to arrive at our own conclusion on the consistency of the USDOC's subsidy determination with Article 1.1(a)(1)(iv) of the SCM Agreement)(194-197)$B!#(B

 

$B#4!%Mx1W$HFCDj@-(B(Benefit and Specificity)

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