WT/DS301/R
22
April 2005
European Communities – Measures
Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels
Complaint by Korea
Report of the Panel
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William J. Davey (Chairperson)
Donald M. McRae
Daniel Jacobus Jordaan
$B
$B#S#C#M6(Dj!JJd=u6b5Z$SAj;&AAgreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures$B!K!"#D#S#U!JJ6Ah2r7h$K78$k5,B'5Z$S; Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of
Disputes$B!K!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T!J@i6eI46e==;MG/$N4X@G5Z$SKG0W$K4X$9$k0lHL6(Dj!((BGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994$B!K(B
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$B#2#0#0#3G/!!#97n!!#3F|!!6(5DMW@A(B
$B#2#0#0#4G/!!#27n!!#5F|!!%Q%M%k@_CVMW@A(B
$B#2#0#0#4G/!!#37n#1#9F|!!%Q%M%k@_CV(B
$B#2#0#0#5G/!!#47n#2#2F|!!%Q%M%kJs9p(B
$B#2#0#0#5G/!!#67n#2#0F|!!%Q%M%kJs9p:NBr(B
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$B#1!%#E#U$N;CDjE*KI1R@)EY!J#2#0#0#4G/#37n#1#1F|2~@5#E#CM};v2q5,B'(B1177/2002$B!K(B
$B!!K\7o$O!"#E#U$N;CDjE*KI1R@)EY(B(Temporary Defensive Mechanism to
Shipbuilding)$B$K4X$9$k5,B'!J0J2]$H$9$k$b$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B!!#1#9#9#8G/#67n!"M};v2q$O#2#0#0#0G/#1#27n#3#1F|$^$G$KB$A%7@Ls4XO"$NA%2A=u@.(B(contract-related operating aid)$B$rGQ;_$9$k$3$H$r7hDj$7$?!#$7$+$7#T#D#M5,B'$O!"4Z9q$,B$A%LdBj$K4X$9$k9g0U$r5G'$9$k7hDj$r9T$C$?!#(B
$B!!$J$*!"#E#C$O#2#0#0#2G/#1#07n#2#1F|$K4Z9q$NB$A%Jd=u6b$K$D$$$F4Z9q$K6(5DMW@A$r9T$$!"#2#0#0#5G/#47n#1#1F|$K%Q%M%kJs9p!J4Z9q$O6X;_$5$l$F$$$kM"=PJd=u6b$r8rIU$7$F$*$j!"#S#C#M6(Dj#3!%#1>r(B(a)$B5Z$S#3!%#2>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k(B$B!K$,:NBr$5$l$F$$$k(B(DS273)$B!##T#D#M5,B'$O!"4Z9q$NB$A%Jd=u6b$K$D$$$F#E#C$,#W#T#O$KJ6Ah$rIUBw$7$?F|$+$i$=$NJ6Ah$,2r7h$5$l$k$^$G1?MQ$5$l$k$3$H$H$J$C$F$$$?!#(B
$B%Q%M%k7hDj$NJ,@O(B$B!J(B()$BFb$N?t;z$OCJMnHV9f!K(B
r$NBP>]HO0O(B>$B#1!%(B$B=x(B(Introduction)
$BN)>Z@UG$(B(Burden of proof)
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"(BUS – Wool Shirts and Blouses$B>e5i0Q0w2qJs9p$r0zMQ$7$D$D!"N)>Z@UG$$K4X$9$k$3$l$^$G$N479T$r3NG'$7$?(B(7.4-5)$B!#(B
$B@h7hE*;v9`(B(Preliminary issues)
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"4Z9q$,#T#D#M5,B'$K4p$E$/8D!9$N;YJ'(B(individual disbursement)$B$N07$$$rL@$i$+$K$9$k$h$&5a$a$F$$$?LdBj$K$D$$$F!"4Z9q$N%Q%M%k@_CVMW@A$O8D!9$N;YJ'$K8@5Z$7$F$*$i$:!"$^$?>-Mh$N8D!9$N;YJ'$O#D#S#B4+9p$N(neither necessary nor appropriate to clarify the status)$B$H=R$Y$?(B(7.15-25)$B!#(B
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"4Z9q$,#2#0#0#4G/#57n$K#E#C$K2CLA$7$?=t9q$N#T#D#M5,B']$H$9$Y$-$H-Mh$N2>DjE*$JA(an abstract ruling on hypothetical future measures is [not]
necessary nor helpful)$B$H=R$Y$?(B(7.26-31)$B!#(B
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"4Z9q$,K\7oJ6Ah$O4Z9q$H#E#C5Z$S#E#C2CLA(B$B9q$H$NJ6Ah$G$"$k$H]$H$9$l$P==J,$G$"$k$H=R$Y$?(B(7.32-33)$B!#(B
$B#2!%(B$B#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#3!%#4>r$K4p$E$/(Claim under Article III:4 of the GATT 1994)
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"r(B(b)$B$K5,Dj$5$l$k!V9qFb@8;:r$K0cH?$7$F$$$J$$$H7kO@$7$?!#-!#T#D#M5,B'$K4p$E$-Jd=u6b$,8rIU$5$l$k$N$O9qFb$NB$A%6Hr(B(b)$B$NAr7o$rK~$?$7$F$$$k(B(7.67-69)$B!"-"$3$l$KBP$9$k4Z9q$NH?O@!J#T#D#M5,B'$O:9JLE*5,@)OHAH$_$G$"$C$FJd=u6b$=$N$b$N$G$O$J$$!"#T#D#M5,B'$K4p$E$-8rIU$5$l$kJd=u6b$O0lHLE*$J$b$N$G$O$J$$!"Jd=u6b$N5f6KE*$J(7.70-74)$B!#(B
$B#3!%(B$B#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1>r$K4p$E$/(Claim under Article
I of the GATT 1994)
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"5G'$5$l$?#E#C2CLA9q$Nr$K0cH?$7$J$$$H7kO@$7$?!#-!4Z9q$O!"#1#9#9#4G/$N#G#A#T#T#1!%#1>r$N!VBh;0>r$N#25Z$S#4$K7G$2$i$l$k$9$Y$F$N;v9`(B(all matters referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 of Article III)$B!W$H$$$&J88@$r:,5r$K#T#D#M5,B'$,#G#A#T#T#1!%#1>r$NBP>]$H$J$k$Hr5Z$S#3!%#4>r$N]$K4X$9$k@)8B!J$9$J$o$A#G#A#T#T#3!%#8>r(B(b)$B!K$H$"$o$;$F2rr(B(b)$B$K$h$j#G#A#T#T#3!%#4>r$NBP>]$H$J$i$J$$Ar$N!VBh;0>r$N#25Z$S#4$K7G$2$i$l$k$9$Y$F$N;v9`!W$H$$$&J88@$r0J$C$F$7$F$b!K#G#A#T#T#1!%#1>r$NBP>]$H$J$j$($J$$$H2r$5$l$k(B(7.81-84)$B!"-"#G#A#T#T$N5/Ap2aDx$d#G#A#T#T%Q%M%k$+$i$b!"-!$N2r(7.85-90)$B!#(B
$B#4!%(B$B#S#C#M6(Dj#3#2!%#1>r$K4p$E$/(Claim under Article
32.1 of the SCM Agreement)
$B#T#D#M5,B'$O#S#C#M6(Dj#3#2!%#1>r$N!VFCDj$N!WA(Whether the TDM Regulation constitutes $B!H(Bspecific$B!I(B action within
the meaning of Article 32.1 of the SCM Agreement)
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"r$N!VFCDj$NA(specific action)$B!W$KAjEv$9$k$HG'$a$?!#-!(BUS – Offset Act (Byrd Amendment)$B>e5i0QJs9p$K$h$l$P!"!VFCDj$NA(be inextricably linked to, or have a strong correlation with, the
constituent elements of dumping or a subsidy)$B!W$$$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(7.108-113)$B!"-"#T#D#M5,B'$O!"4Z9q@/I\$,8rIU$7$?Jd=u6b$KL@<(E*$K$O8@5Z$7$F$$$J$$$b$N$N!"!V0-1F6A(B(adverse effects)$B!W!"!V(material injury)$B!W!"!VCx$7$$32(B(serious prejudice)$B!W$H$$$C$?Aj;&A]$H$J$kJd=u6b(B(actionable subsidies)$B$N1F6A$K4X$9$k#S#C#M6(Dj>e$NMQ8l$rMQ$$$F$*$j!"$^$?#T#D#M5,B'$O4Z9q$NJd=u6b$K4X$9$kKG0W>c325,B'(B(Trade Barriers Regulation)$BD4::$K4p$E$$$F5/Ap$5$l$F$*$j!"#T#D#M5,B'$NBP>]$,4Z9q$NJd=u6b$K4X$9$k>Z5r$r85$K7hDj$5$l$?$3$H$OL@$i$+$G$"$k(B(7.114-124)$B!"-##T#D#M5,B'$O!"#E#C$,4Z9q$NB$A%Jd=u6b$K$D$$$F#W#T#OJ6Ah=hM}@)EY$KIUBw$7$F0J9_$=$NJ6Ah$,2r7h$9$k$^$G1?MQ$5$l$k$H$J$C$F$*$j!"$3$N$3$H$O#T#D#M5,B'$,#W#T#OJ6Ah=hM}$NBP>]$H$5$l$?4Z9q$NJd=u6b$KBP$7$F$H$i$l$?A(7.127-129)$B!"-$$5$i$K!"#T#D#M5,B'@)Dj$NGX7J$K$"$kB$A%LdBj$K4X$9$k4Z9q!E#C9g0U$O!"4Z9q$NJd=u6b$K4X$9$kLsB+$r4^$`$b$N$G$"$k$7!"$^$?2>$K$3$N9g0U$,Jd=u6b$H4X78$N$J$$$b$N$G$"$C$F$b$@$+$i$H$$$C$F#T#D#M5,B'$,Jd=u6b$H4X78$J$$$H$_$J$9$3$H$O$G$-$J$$(B(7.130-134)$B!"-%#T#D#M5,B'$,Jd=u6b$H4X78$7$F$$$k$H$7$F!"$=$N4X78$,!VL)@\IT2DJ,$K4XO"$7$F$$$k$+6/$$Aj8_4X78$rM-$7$F!W$$$k$H$$$($k$+$K$D$$$F!"(B(i)$B4Z9qB$A%=j$H$N4V$K7@Ls$r$a$0$k6%Ah$,$"$k>l9g$K$N$_=u@.$,G'$a$i$l$k!"(B(ii)$B#T#D#M5,B'$NBP>]$O4Z9q$NB$A%=j$N$&$AJd=u6b$r(iii)$B#T#D#M5,B'$O#W#T#O$KIUBw$5$l$?J6Ah$,2r7h$9$k$+4Z9q$,B$A%LdBj$K4X$9$k9g0U$r(iv)$BK\7o$O(BUS – 1916 Act$B$d(BUS
– Offset Act (Byrd Amendment)$B$N;vNc$H0[$J$j%1!<%9$4$H$N%@%s%T%s%0$dJd=u6b$NG'Dj$,$"$k$o$1$G$O$J$$$b$N$N!"$=$N$h$&$J%1!<%9$4$H$NG'Dj$OI,$:$7$bI,MW$G$O$J$/!"K\7o$K$*$$$F#E#C$O;vA0$K(B(ex ante)$BJd=u6b$NG'Dj$r9T$C$?$H9M$($k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#$7$?$,$C$F!"#T#D#M5,B'$HJd=u6b$O6/$$Aj8_4X78$rM-$7L)@\$K4XO"$7$F$$$k$H$$$&$3$H$,$G$-$k(B(7.138-143)$B!#(B
$B#T#D#M5,B'$O#S#C#M6(Dj#3#2!%#1>r$NJd=u6b$K!VBP$9$k!WFCDj$NA(Whether the TDM Regulation constitutes specific action $B!H(Bagainst$B!I(B a
subsidy within the meaning of Article 32.1 of the SCM Agreement)
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"r$N0UL#$G$NJd=u6b$K!VBP$9$k!WFCDj$NAUS – Offset Act (Byrd Amendment)$B>e5i0QJs9p$K$h$l$P!"$"$kA(whether the design
and structure of the measure has the effect of dissuading the practice of
dumping or subsidization, or creates an incentive to terminate such practices)$B$rI>2A$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$:!"$^$?!V7ABV$d9=B$!W$rJ,@O$9$k:]$K$O309q$N@8;:!W$,$"$k$+(B(the existence
of a "transfer of financial resources" between foreign
producers/exporters and their domestic competitors)$B$KCmL\$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(7.155-160)$B!"-">e5-$N$h$&$K!VBP$9$k!W$r69$/2rr$N#I#T#O8r>D$+$iB3$/Nr;KE*E83+$K>H$i$7$F$b;Y;}$5$l$k(B(7.161-163)$B!"-#0J>e$h$j!"B>$N2CLA9q$NJd=u6b$KBP$7$F(B(in response to)$B8rIU$5$l$kBP93E*$JJd=u6b$O$=$l$N$_$G$OJd=u6b$K!VBP$9$k(B(against)$B!WFCDj$NA$BDI2CE*(B$BMWAG$,G'$a$i$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(7.164)$B!"-$K\7o$K$*$$$F!"4Z9q$O!"(B(i)$B#E#C$NJd=u6b$O4Z9q$NB$A%=j$,Jd=u6b$K$h$C$FF@$?6%AhNO$r(ii)$B#T#D#M5,B'$O4Z9q$NJd=u6b8rIUDd;_$N%$%s%;%s%F%#%V$r6/$a$h$&$H$9$k$b$N$G$"$k!"(B(iii)$B2$=#0Q0w2q$NEv6I(7.165-171)$B!#(B
$B0J>e$h$j%Q%M%k$O!"#T#D#M5,B'!"$"$k$$$O%G%s%^!<%/!"%U%i%s%9!"%I%$%D!"%*%i%s%@!"%9%Z%$%s$G#T#D#M5,B'$K4p$E$-:NMQ$5$l$?=u@.@)EY5Z$S$=$l$r>5G'$9$k2$=#0Q0w2q$N7hDj$O#S#C#M6(Dj#3#2!%#1>r$K0cH?$7$J$$$H7kO@$7$?(B(7.172-173)$B!#(B
$B#5!%#D#S#U#2#3>r$K4p$E$/(Claim under Article
23 of the DSU)
$B#D#S#U#2#3!%#1>r(B(Article 23.1)
$B!!%Q%M%k$O!"5G'$9$k2$=#0Q0w2q$N7hDj$O!"#D#S#U#2#3!%#1>r$K0cH?$7$F$$$k$H7kO@$7$?!#-!#D#S#U#2#3!%#1>r$N5AL3$NHO0O$N2r(seek the redress of a violation$B!D(B)$B!W$N0UL#$,=EMW$H$J$k$,!"$=$b$=$b#D#S#U#2#3!%#1>r$rE,MQ$9$k$?$a$K$O#W#T#O6(Dj$N0cH?$,$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$(B(7.187-188)$B!"-"!V@'@5!W$H$$$&8@MU$K$O!"Be=~$d>y5v$NDd;_$N$_$J$i$:!"(BUS – Certain EC Products$B%Q%M%k$,=R$Y$?$h$&$K!"!V#W#T#O0cH?$N>u67$r5_:Q$7$h$&$H$7$F0cH?9q$K8~$1$i$l$k9T0Y!W(B($B!H(Breaction against another Member, because of a perceived (or WTO
determined) WTO violation, with a view to remedying the situation$B!I(B)$B$r9-$/4^$`$H2r$5$l$k(B(7.189)$B!"-#$^$?#D#S#U#2#3!%#1>r$,!VB?3QE*BN@)$N6/2=(B(Strengthening
of the Multilateral System)$B!W$rL\E*$H$7$F$$$k$H$$$&E@$d#D#S#U$,$5$^$6$^$J7A$N5_:Q(B(remedy)$B$r5,Dj$7$F$$$k$H$$$&E@!"$5$i$K#D#S#U$N5,B'5Z$S(have recourse)$B!W$H$$$&(B$B0lHLE*$J(B$B5AL3$r5,Dj$7$F$$$kE@$+$i!"#2#3!%#1>r$NE,MQBP>]$O#2#3!%#2>r$KNs5s$5$l$F$$$k0lJ}E*9T0Y$N;vNc$K8B$i$l$:(B(Article 23.1
constitutes an independent obligation not limited in scope to the particular
instances of unilateral conduct identified in Article 23.2)$B!"2CLA9q$,#D#S#U$K$h$C$FF@$i$l$k$O$:$N5_:Q$r!"#D#S#U$N5,B'$d(must apply to
any act whereby a Member seeks to obtain unilaterally results that can be
achieved via the remedies of the DSU through means other than recourse to the
DSU)$B$H2r$5$l$k(B(7.190-191)$B!"-$0J>e$h$j!"2CLA9q$,#W#T#O6(Dj$K4X$9$kJ6Ah$rB>$N9q:]J6Ah=hM}@)EY$KIUBw$7$?>l9g$N$_$J$i$:!"#D#S#U$K$h$C$FF@$i$l$k$O$:$N5_:Q$r0lJ}E*$KF@$h$&$H$7$?>l9g$K$b!"#D#S#U#2#3!%#1>r$N0cH?$H$J$k(B(This
requirement is violated not only when Members submit a dispute concerning
rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement to an international dispute
settlement body outside the WTO framework but also when Members act
unilaterally to seek to obtain the results that can be achieved through the
remedies of the DSU) (7.193-195)$B!"-%(BUS – Certain
EC-Products$B%Q%M%kJs9p$+$i$b<(:6$5$l$k$h$&$K!"!V0cH?!D$K$D$$$F$N@'@5$r5a$a$k!W$H$$$&J88@$O!"#W#T#O6(Dj0cH?$H;W$o$l$kB>$N2CLA9q$NA$N2CLA9q$K$h$kBe=~$r5a$a$?$j!"$"$k$$$O>y5v$d#W#T#O6(Dj>e$N$=$NB>$N5AL3$rDd;_$7$?$j$9$k$3$H$K$h$j!"8"Mx5AL3$N%P%i%s%9$r2sI|$7$h$&$H$9$k$$$+$J$k9T0Y$bBP>]$H$7$F$$$k(B(the phrase
"seek the redress of a violation..." covers any act of a Member in
response to what it considers to be a violation of a WTO obligation by another
Member whereby the first Member attempts to restore the balance of rights and
obligations by seeking the removal of the WTO-inconsistent measure, by seeking
compensation from the other Member, or by suspending concessions or obligations
under the WTO Agreement in relation to that Member)$B!"-&B>J}$G!"!V0cH?!D$K$D$$$F@'@5$r5a$a$k!W$H$$$&J88@$O!"#W#T#O6(Dj0cH?$N9T0Y$N7k2L<+9qNN0hFb$Nl9g$O4^$^$J$$!#$?$@$7!"$=$N$h$&$J9T0Y$,#W#T#O6(Dj0cH?$N9T0Y$r9T$C$?2CLA9q$N9T0Y$K1F6A$rM?$($k$3$H$r0U?^$7$F$$$J$$$3$H$r>r7o$H$9$k(B(the concept of
"seeking the redress of a violation" does not encompass the situation
where a Member takes actions to compensate or attenuate the harm caused to
actors within the aggrieved Member as a result of the allegedly WTO-consistent
action, provided those actions are not designed to influence the conduct of the
Member taking the allegedly WTO-inconsistent action, as outlined in the
preceding paragraph)(7.197)$B!"-'>y5v$d$=$NB>$N5AL3$NDd;_$rH<$o$J$$Ar$NBP>]$H$J$i$J$$$H$$$E#C$N(7.198-203)$B!"-(#E#C$O!"#D#S#U#2#3!%#1>r$H%&%#!<%s>rLsK!>rLs#6#0>r$d9q:]K!>e$N!VBP93Ar$KFI$_9~$`K!E*:,5r$O$J$$(B(the Panel can
see no basis for using these concepts to read into Article 23.1 a limitation
that is unsupported by an interpretation based on its text, context and object
and purpose)(7.204-205)$B!"-)#E#C$O!"#D#S#U#3!%#2>r$K0M5r$7$D$D!"#D#S#U$O!V#W#T#O6(Dj>e$N8"Mx5AL3$rB;$J$&Ar$OK\7o$NLdBj$K$O4X78$J$$(B(7.206)$B!"-*K\7o$N;v(7.209-214)$B!"-+$5$i$K!"#T#D#M5,B'$O#W#T#OJ6Ah=hM}]$H$J$C$?9T0Y(B$B!J4Z9q$NJd=u6b8rIU!K$rJQ99$9$k%$%s%;%s%F%#%V$r@8$_=P$7$F$$$k$3$H$+$i!"#E#C$O8"Mx5AL3$N%P%i%s%9$N2sI|$r5a$a$F$$$?$HG'$a$i$l$k(B(7.215-218)$B!#(B
$B#D#S#U#2#3!%#2>r(B(Article 23.2)
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© 2005 Yuka Fukunaga All Rights Reserved